Return your textbooks!!! BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY Remember the levels of organization, and where all the energy comes from. -The sun!
ECOLOGY Climate makes the biomes of the world:
ECOLOGY Ecosystems are made of 2 factors: Abiotic: Non-living Biotic: Living
ECOLOGY Nutrients are transferred through the various ecological systems. Water Carbon Phosphorous And
ECOLOGY And the Nitrogen Cycle! Which is necessary to help build macromolecules Bacteria in soil and intestines Decomposers (fungi) Legumes (plants)
ECOLOGY Remember the energy levels and types of consumers. Energy is not lost, it s Transformed between trophic levels. *Only 10% is passed on.
ECOLOGY Autotrophs make their food Plants. Heterotrophs eat their food Animals. Food Chains & Food Webs
ECOLOGY Ways that autotrophs obtain energy by making carbohydrates: Photosynthesis: Plants Chemosynthesis: Prokaryotes in caves/deep sea
ECOLOGY Ecosystems change over time: Primary Succession: -New area formed Secondary Succession: -After a disaster
ECOLOGY Populations change over time due to: -Immigration -Emigration -Births -Deaths *Measured by density
ECOLOGY Population growth curves: Logistic Exponential
ECOLOGY Population growth is controlled by factors: Density-Independent -Natural Disasters Density-Dependent -Food, shelter, water, air, etc.
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS Phenotype: physical appearance of a gene. (Tall) Genotype: written version of a gene. (TT or Tt)
GENETICS Complete Dominance: Dominant over Recessive. Incomplete Dominance: Blend/mix phenotypes together. Co-Dominance: Both phenotypes expressed spots.
GENETICS Probability: likelihood of an occurrence. *Punnett Squares to find possible offspring. Generations: P (parent) F1--- (offspring) *Use Pedigree to find traits.
GENETICS Gametes = sex cells (Haploid ½ genetic info.) 1 chromosome (n) Diploid = whole cell (full genetic info ½ from each parent) 2 chromosomes (2n)
GENETICS
GENETICS Linked Genes Gene Map
Humans have 46 chromosomes! GENETICS
GENETICS Genetic Disorders of sex chromosomes: Kleinfelters = XXY Turners = X
GENETICS
GENETICS Barr Bodies form in cells where one X-chromosome is turned off. Non-Dysjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. -Down Syndrome 3 copies of 21 st chromosome
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION Charles Darwin! Sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle. Species change over time = Evolution
EVOLUTION Lamark: Use or disuse of traits changes a species. FALSE!
EVOLUTION Natural Selection = Survival of the Fittest! -Fitness: the ability to survive & reproduce. Natural Variation = Species have natural differences. Artificial Selection = Humans choose the traits they want a species to have.
EVOLUTION Adaptations help species to survive better.
EVOLUTION Gene Pool: ALL the genes in a population in a certain location: Relative Frequency of Alleles: percent of each different genes in a population.
EVOLUTION Bell Curves show the highest fitness for polygenic traits.
EVOLUTION Genetic Drift 2 types: Founder Effect: migration to new area = new population. Bottleneck: natural disaster = only fittest survive. *Either way results in lower genetic diversity = lower frequency of alleles.
EVOLUTION Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium If nothing changes population will stay the same = NO evolution! No Change
EVOLUTION Speciation = when new species arise, caused by isolation: Behavioral Isolation: different mating rituals/songs. Geographic Isolation: different physical locations. Temporal Isolation: different mating times/seasons.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY Levels of organization in the body: Cell Tissue Organ Organ System
ANATOMY
ANAMOMY Thermo-receptors: feel temperature (skin) Photo-receptors: detect light (eyes) Mechano-receptors: feel movement (skin/tendons/muscles/bones) Pain-receptors: (skin/muscles)
ANATOMY Skeleton = support! -Joints allow for complex movements.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY Kidneys filter waste from our blood and create urine.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY Blood consists of: Red Blood Cells - to transport oxygen. (Most in our bodies!) White Blood Cells to help stop infections. Platelets to make blood clot.
ANATOMY Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allow for exchange of nutrients/waste.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY Cerebrum = thinking! Cerebrum
ANATOMY Nerve Cells allow us to feel and have reflexes.
ANATOMY Nervous System: responds to changes in your environment = reflexes. *Helps maintain homeostasis!
FINAL EXAM 100 questions Essential Knowledge from: Genetics Evolution Ecology Anatomy +25pts for fully competed Review Packet!