SECOND EDITION Introduction to Modern Physics John D. McGervey Case Western Reserve University Academic Press A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Sao Paulo
Contents 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Preface Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter and Electricity Kinetic Theory of Gases The Electron Determination of Avogadro's Number Z The Theory of Relativity Experiments Preceding the Theory of Relativity Explanations The Lorentz Transformation Relativistic Dynamics; Four-Vectors 3 The Old Quantum Theory Black-Body Radiation The Photoelectric Effect Line Spectra and the Bohr Atom The Correspondence Principle The Franck-Hertz Experiment Vll ix xi 2 12 16 23 29 37 40 50 59 64 73 75 82 92 92 iii
iv CONTENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 *6.4 6.5 *6.6 *6.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 *8.3 *8.4 9.2 9.3 4 Waves and Particles X-Rays Matter Waves Wave Packets The Uncertainty Principle 5 Schrodinger Equation 1: One Dimension Construction of the Schrodinger Equation Boundary Conditions Probability Current One-Dimensional Square Well Potential Barrier Penetration Expectation Values and Operators The Harmonic Oscillator 0 Schrodinger Equation II: Three Dimensions Extension of the Schrodinger Equation to Three Dimensions Spherically Symmetric Potentials and Angular Momentum Measurement of Angular Momentum An Example: The Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator The Radial Equation The Three-Dimensional Square Well Scattering of Particles from a Spherically Symmetric Potential / The Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions for More than One Particle Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Spectrum Spin and Relativity <5 Further Applications of Quantum Theory Time-Independent Perturbation Theory Identical Particles The Helium Atom The Periodic Table of the Elements 9 Atomic and Molecular Spectra Atomic Spectroscopy The Zeeman Effect Revisited Molecular Structure Molecular Spectra 96 106 112 124 131 138 141 146 150 164 170 176 182 188 190 199 211 214 217 223 234 240 242 247 266 273 280 288 296 304 311 314 326 331 335 342
CONTENTS V 10.1 10.2 10.3 *10.4 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 *12.5 *12.6 13.1 *13.2 *13.3 *13.4 13.5 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7, 14.8^ 14.9 14.10 1 10 Atomic Radiation Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory; Transition Rates Spontaneous Transitions Selection Rules Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation The Maser and the Laser 11 Quantum Statistics The Three Kinds of Statistics; An Example Derivation of the General Form for Each Distribution Function Applications of Bose-Einstein Statistics Application of Fermi-Dirac Statistics: Free Electron Theory of Metals Summary 12 The Electronic Structure of Solids Energy Levels for a System of N Atoms Traveling Electron Waves in a Solid Solutions of Schrodinger's Equation for a Periodic Potential Superconductivity Brillouin Zones and the Fermi Surface Insulators and Semiconductors 10 Nuclear Radiation Early Work with Radioactivity Passage of Radiation through Matter Positron Annihilation Recoilless Resonant Absorption of Gamma Rays (Mossbauer Effect) Biological Effects of Radiation 14 Properties of the Nucleus Charge Radius Angular Momentum and Magnetic Dipole Moment Electric Quadrupole Moment Mass and Binding Energy n. Parit y Stability Shell Structure Collective Motions Properties of the Deuteron ^ 346 355 359 367 376 380 384 394 410 425 425 430 432 438 446 449 462 467 472 480 490 501 514 520 526 526 531 533 537 542 543 551 555 556 560
vi CONTENTS *15.1 *15.2 *15.3 15.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 *16.6 16.7 *16.8 16.9 1b Nuclear Transformations Theory of Alpha Decay Theory of Beta Decay Gamma Decay Nuclear Reactions 10 Particles and Interactions Meson Theory of the Nuclear Force Properties of the Pion Leptons and the Weak Interaction Discovery of "Strange Particles" Conservation Laws Properties of the K Mesons Resonances- Classification of Particles Unified Theories 566 571 594 600 618 623 626 630 633 637 641 652 655 663 669 Appendix A: Probability and Statistics 677 Appendix B: Derivation of the Bragg Scattering Law 686 Appendix C: Solution of the Radial Equation for the Hydrogen Atom or Hydrogenlike Ion 690 Appendix D: Table of Atomic Species 695 Appendix E: "Stable" Particles 738 Appendix F: Table of Physical Constants 740 Answers to Selected 742 Index 747