(i) CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION page 1 2. THE D.C. RESISTIVITY METHOD 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Survey Procedure 2.3 Data Reduction 3 3 3 3 3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 3.1 General 3.2 Discussion 4 4 4 4. LIMITATIONS 5 TABLES Table 1 Field Resistivity Data location Page 6 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Survey Location Plan Site Plan Resistivity Traverse RL-I Resistivity Traverse RL-J location Page 2 Appendix Appendix Appendix
1 1. INTRODUCTION In the period August 1 to August 4, 2014, a D.C resistivity profiling survey was carried out on behalf of Blackwater Explorations Ltd. on claim 682023 in the Cariboo Mining District. The purpose of the investigation was to expand on previous surveying * and provide some evidence for the existence of a potential, southwest-northeast extension of the paleo-channel on the property. This elongate, topographic low feature was identified by inspection of satellite imagery and located by traversing the numerous logging roads in the area. A Survey Location Plan of the area is shown at a scale of 1:200,000 in Figure 1. Direct current resistivity measurements of ground conditions were completed along the linear, channel-like feature for approximately 600 metres (Line I). Line J was surveyed along logging road 11-K and at right angles to the topographic feature and Line J. A Site Pan illustrating the locations of previous and current resistivity traverses is shown at a 1:50,000 scale in Figure 2, in the Appendix. Apparent resistivity measurements were recorded at 18 locations, with the spacing between readings maintained at 50 m intervals. Recorded resistance readings were converted to apparent resistivities for each 50 m station along the traverse. * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., September, 2012. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project BLK-570/2 * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., April, 2013. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project Blk-570/3 * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., August, 2013. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project Blk-570/4 * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., April, 2014. Russell A. Hillman, P. Eng. Project BLK-570/5
2 5900000N SURVEY AREA 5895000N 5890000N 5885000N 5880000N 5875000N 5870000N 5865000N 505000E 510000E 515000E 520000E 525000E 530000E 535000E 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 KILOMETRES BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY SURVEY LOCATION PLAN DATE: AUGUST 2014 SCALE 1:200,000 FIG. 1
3 2. THE D.C. RESISTIVITY METHOD 2.1 Equipment The D.C. resistivity survey was carried out using an ABEM SAS-300B electrical resistivity system, with the associated interconnect cables and stainless steel electrodes. The purpose of the electrical surveying was to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by recording measurements on the ground surface. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the clay mineral and fluid content, porosity, and degree of water saturation in overburden layering and the underlying bedrock. Wenner soundings were obtained by applying a direct current or very low frequency synchronous alternating current to the ground through a pair of electrodes and measuring the resulting potential established by this current across a second set of electrodes. Electrical noise originating from industrial currents or natural earth currents are significantly reduced by the use of synchronous detection incorporated in the design of the SAS-300B, in which the transmitter current and receiver polarity are reversed periodically at a frequency of less than one Hertz. Noise, which is asynchronous with the switching frequency, is then averaged out. 2.2 Survey Procedure Field procedure consisted of driving 4 stainless steel metal electrodes into the shallow subsurface at intervals of 50 metres along the ground surface. Electrical current was then applied to the exterior two electrodes with the resulting potential in volts, recorded by the interior pair of electrodes. In the Wenner array, the spacing between the four in-line electrodes is the same. In this investigation, the a spacing between the electrodes was maintained at 50 metres. Resistance readings were recorded over several cycles of the measuring circuit, until a stable, constant value was confirmed for the reading. 2.3 Data Reduction Standard geometric factors exist for common electrode arrays such as Wenner, Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole. In the Wenner array, the geometric factor is 2 a, where a is the electrode spacing. In this survey, the electrode spacing was maintained at 50 metres. In order to obtain resistivity values at each location, the geometric factor was multiplied by the recorded resistance reading in ohms.
4 3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 3.1 General The results of the resistivity traversing of lines RL-I and RL-J are illustrated at 1:1000 horizontal and 1:5000 vertical scales in Figures 3 and 4 in the Appendix. Line RL-I was approximately 600 m in length, with the smaller crossline RL-J only 300 m in length. The data for the two resistivity lines is listed in Table 1 on Page 6. 3.2 Discussion The resistivity data for line RL-I displays significant variations, from a minimum of approximately 75,400 ohm-m, to a maximum of about 293,740 ohm-m. The significant feature on the section is the broad resistivity low that extends from station I2 to station I5. Calculated resistivities within this zone are quite consistent, and vary from a minimum of 75,398 ohm-m to a maximum of 101,787 ohm-m. The breadth of this low resistivity zone is approximately 150 metres. The lower resistivities within this zone suggest that bedrock is deeper than along the balance of the traverse. If bedrock was shallower and was within the nominal 40 m penetration depth of the survey, the resistivity value would be considerably higher. Apart from station I1 where the bedrock is believed to be shallow, the bedrock surface from station I5 to I10 is believed to rise to the south-southeast. A moderate deepening of the bedrock likely occurs at stations I11 to I12. The relatively short resistivity traverse for line RL-J in Figure 4 shows resistivity values undulating around an average resistivity of about 65,500 ohm-m. All resistivity values however, are well above the I2 to I5 low resistivity zone on line RL-I. The six values recorded along RL-J likely indicate that the bedrock surface is hummocky along this segment of the 11-K logging road.
5 4. LIMITATIONS D.C. resistivity surveys are successful providing adequate contrasts exist in the subsurface in electrical resistivity between distinct geological materials. Also affecting resistivity are the degree of saturation of materials and the porosity, the concentration of dissolved electrolytes, the temperature and the amount and composition of colloids. Conductors identified in resistivity surveying are diverse and depending on geological settings, may include mineralization, graphite, argillite, shear or fault zones, clay beds, marl, saturated materials, clay till, mineralized leachate and zones of salt water intrusion. Electrically resistive materials include but are not limited to, sand and gravel, dry soils, underground voids and competent bedrock. The highest resistivities are generally recorded in crystalline rock. With few exceptions, no unique resistivity value defines a specific geological material. Penetration depths may be affected by the presence of highly conductive surficial materials that may partially mask deeper geological layering. In addition, the resolution of the resistivity method decreases exponentially with depth. In this survey, penetration depths are estimated to be of the order of 40 metres. Given the diffuse nature of the method resolution is inherently poorer at a depth greater than one wavelength. The survey results can also be influenced by electrode coupling, presence of noise and man-made infrastructure such as pipes, fences, power lines and buried metallic objects. The resistivity values measured with the ABEM Terrameter are accurate and repeatable. The electronically-isolated transmitter sends out well-defined, regulated signal currents. The receiver discriminates noise and measures voltages correlated with the transmitter signal current. Receiver measurements at discrete time intervals are recorded when eddy currents, IP and cable transients decay. The unique integrator and measurement strategy embodied in the Terrameter allows extraction of the signal from natural occurring telluric currents, electrochemical variations at the potential electrodes and power transmission lines. The information in this report is based upon geophysical measurements and field procedures. The data for each individual reading was combined to obtain apparent resistivity. No interpretations or analysis into layer depths, thicknesses and true resistivities was carried out on the data. The results are technical in nature and are considered to be a reasonably accurate presentation of existing apparent resistivities within the limitations of the D.C. Resistivity method. Russell Hillman, P.Eng.
6 Table 1 Field Resistivity Data Station No. I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 Line RL-I Resistance (ohms) 935 324 288 240 241 426 508 673 654 815 520 602 Resistivity (ohm -m) 293,590 101,736 90,432 75,360 75,674 133,764 159,512 211,322 205,356 255,910 163,280 189,028 Station No. J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 Line RL-J Resistance (ohms) 537 495 570 474 536 535 Resistivity (ohm -m) 168,618 155,430 178,980 148,836 168,304 167,990
5900000 5899000 RL-D EXT. RL-H RL-C RL-D RL-G 5898000 RL-J F R A S E R R I V E R 5897000 RL-I RL F RL E 5896000 RL-A RL-B 5895000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000 513000 514000 515000 516000 LEGEND AUGUST 2014 RESISTIVITY LINE APRIL 2014 RESISTIVITY LINE AUGUST 2013 RESISTIVITY LINE 0 500 1000 1500 2000 METRES BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY APRIL 2013 RESISTIVITY LINE SITE PLAN 2012 RESISTIVITY LINE DATE: AUGUST 2014 SCALE 1:50,000 FIG. 2
SSW NNE 300000 300000 I1 290000 290000 280000 280000 270000 270000 260000 I10 260000 250000 250000 240000 240000 230000 230000 220000 220000 I8 210000 I9 210000 200000 200000 RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) 190000 180000 I12 190000 180000 170000 170000 I11 160000 I7 160000 150000 150000 140000 140000 I6 130000 130000 120000 120000 110000 110000 I2 100000 100000 90000 I3 90000 0 10 20 30 40 METRES 80000 80000 I4 I5 70000 70000 0NNE 20NNE 40NNE 60NNE 80NNE 100NNE 120NNE 140NNE 160NNE 180NNE 200NNE 220NNE 240NNE 260NNE 280NNE 300NNE 320NNE 340NNE 360NNE 380NNE 400NNE 420NNE 440NNE 460NNE 480NNE 500NNE 520NNE 540NNE 560NNE 580NNE 600NNE DISTANCE (metres) BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY RESISTIVITY TRAVERSE RL-I (2014) DATE: AUGUST 2014 VSCALE 1:5,000 HSCALE 1:1,000 FIG. 3
E W 180000 J3 180000 175000 175000 RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) 170000 165000 160000 155000 J1 J2 J5 J6 170000 165000 160000 155000 150000 J4 150000 0W 20W 40W 60W 80W 100W 120W 140W 160W 180W 200W 220W 240W 260W 280W 300W DISTANCE (metres) 0 10 20 30 40 METRES BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY RESISTIVITY TRAVERSE RL-J (2014) DATE: AUGUST 2014 VSCALE 1:5,000 HSCALE 1:1,000 FIG. 4
BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS LTD. REPORT ON RESISTIVITY PROFILING SURVEY PLACER GOLD EXPLORATION QUESNEL AREA, B.C. Latitude 53 13 N Longitude 122 50 W by Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. April, 2014 PROJECT BLK-570/5
(i) CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION page 1 2. THE D.C. RESISTIVITY METHOD 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Survey Procedure 2.3 Data Reduction 3 3 3 3 3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 3.1 General 3.2 Discussion 4 4 4 4. LIMITATIONS 5 TABLES Table 1 Field Resistivity Data location Page 6 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Survey Location Plan Site Plan Resistivity Traverse RL-H location Page 2 Appendix Appendix
1 1. INTRODUCTION In the period April 12 to April 21, 2014, a D.C. resistivity profiling survey was carried out on behalf of Blackwater Explorations Ltd. on claim 682023 in the Cariboo Mining District. The purpose of the investigation was to expand on previous surveying* and provide further evidence of a postulated paleo-channel on the property. A Survey Location Plan of the area is shown at a scale of 1:200,000 in Figure 1. Direct current resistivity measurements of ground conditions were completed along a single 700 metre traverse that was situated parallel to and 150m north of, resistivity line RL-C. A Site Plan illustrating the locations of previous and current resistivity traverses is shown at a scale of 1:50,000 in Figure 2, in the Appendix. Apparent resistivity measurements were recorded at 12 locations with the spacing between readings maintained at 50m intervals. Recorded resistance readings were converted to apparent resistivity for each 50m station along the traverse. * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., September, 2012. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project BLK-570/2 * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., April, 2013. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project Blk-570/3 * Blackwater Explorations Ltd., Resistivity Profiling Survey, Placer Gold Exploration, Quesnel, B.C., August, 2013. Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng. Project Blk-570/4
2 5900000N SURVEY AREA 5895000N 5890000N 5885000N 5880000N 5875000N 5870000N 5865000N 505000E 510000E 515000E 520000E 525000E 530000E 535000E 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 KILOMETRES BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY SURVEY LOCATION PLAN DATE: APRIL 2014 SCALE 1:200,000 FIG. 1
3 2. THE D.C. RESISTIVITY METHOD 2.1 Equipment The D.C. resistivity survey was carried out using an ABEM SAS-300B electrical resistivity system, with the associated interconnect cables and stainless steel electrodes. The purpose of the electrical surveying was to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by recording measurements on the ground surface. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the clay mineral and fluid content, porosity, and degree of water saturation in overburden layering and the underlying bedrock. Wenner soundings were obtained by applying a direct current or very low frequency synchronous alternating current to the ground through a pair of electrodes and measuring the resulting potential established by this current across a second set of electrodes. Electrical noise originating from industrial currents or natural earth currents are significantly reduced by the use of synchronous detection incorporated in the design of the SAS-300B, in which the transmitter current and receiver polarity are reversed periodically at a frequency of less than one Hertz. Noise, which is asynchronous with the switching frequency, is then averaged out. 2.2 Survey Procedure Field procedure consisted of driving 4 stainless steel metal electrodes into the shallow subsurface at intervals of 50 metres along the ground surface. Electrical current was then applied to the exterior two electrodes with the resulting potential in volts, recorded by the interior pair of electrodes. In the Wenner array, the spacing between the four in-line electrodes is the same. In this investigation, the a spacing between the electrodes was maintained at 50 metres. Resistance readings were recorded over several cycles of the measuring circuit, until a stable, constant value was confirmed for the reading. 2.3 Data Reduction Standard geometric factors exist for common electrode arrays such as Wenner, Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole. In the Wenner array, the geometric factor is 2 a, where a is the electrode spacing. In this survey, the electrode spacing was maintained at 50 metres. In order to obtain resistivity values at each location, the geometric factor was multiplied by the recorded resistance reading in ohms.
4 3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS 3.1 General The results of the 700m long traverse of resistivity line RL-H is illustrated at 1:1000 horizontal and 1:5000 vertical scales in Figure 3 in the Appendix. The data for the twelve resistivity readings recorded along the line are listed in Table 1, on page 6. 3.2 Discussion The results of resistivity line RL-H indicate a central, high resistivity zone bounded to the southwest and northeast by two, broad, lower resistivity zones. The narrower and less pronounced resistivity low is centred on station H3, with a resistivity value of 97,389 ohm-m. To either side of this station, the resistivities moderately increase to values of the order of 121,000 ohm-m. This limited resistivity low may be due to a moderate thickening of lower resistivity, overburden layering at or near, station H3. This area of moderate resistivities is bounded to the northwest by higher resistivities of 149,225 ohm-m and 146,398 ohm-m at stations H6 and H7. These higher resistivities in the middle of the traverse may indicate the presence of shallower bedrock at this location. The northwest end of line H indicates a broad resistivity low centred at station H10. The resistivity value at station H10 of 84,195 ohm-m may indicate an area of deeper overburden and greater potential for a buried channel at that location. The new grouping of resistivity lines RL-G, RL-D, RL-C and RL-H have broad consistencies with generally higher resistivities to the southwest and lower resistivities to the northeast. The lower resistivities to the northeast are believed to be indicative of progressively deeper bedrock. With the exception of line RL-C which was limited in extent, lines RL-G, RL-D and RL-H all indicate a broad zone of lower resistivities along the northeastern half of the lines. Line RL-C also showed a decrease in resistivities to the northeast of station C4. This consistent pattern of resistivity lows indicates the most probable location for a buried channel is along the northeast half of the grouping of resistivity traverses RL-G, RL-D, RL-C and RL-H.
5 4. LIMITATIONS D.C. resistivity surveys are successful providing adequate contrasts exist in the subsurface in electrical resistivity between distinct geological materials. Also affecting resistivity are the degree of saturation of materials and the porosity, the concentration of dissolved electrolytes, the temperature and the amount and composition of colloids. Conductors identified in resistivity surveying are diverse and depending on geological settings, may include mineralization, graphite, argillite, shear or fault zones, clay beds, marl, saturated materials, clay till, mineralised leachate and zones of salt water intrusion. Electrically resistive materials include but are not limited to, sand and gravel, dry soils, underground voids and competent bedrock. The highest resistivities are generally recorded in crystalline rock. With few exceptions, no unique resistivity value defines a specific geological material. Penetration depths may be affected by the presence of highly conductive surficial materials that may partially mask deeper geological layering. In addition, the resolution of the resistivity method decreases exponentially with depth. In this survey, penetration depths are estimated to be of the order of 40 metres. Given the diffuse nature of the method, resolution is inherently poorer at a depth greater than one wavelength. The survey results can also be influenced by electrode coupling, presence of noise and man-made infrastructure such as pipes, fences, power lines and buried metallic objects. The resistivity values measured with the ABEM Terrameter are accurate and repeatable. The electronically-isolated transmitter sends out well-defined, regulated signal currents. The receiver discriminates noise and measures voltages correlated with the transmitter signal current. Receiver measurements at discrete time intervals are recorded when eddy currents, IP and cable transients decay. The unique integrator and measurement strategy embodied in the Terrameter allows extraction of the signal from natural occurring telluric currents, electrochemical variations at the potential electrodes and power transmission lines. The information in this report is based upon geophysical measurements and field procedures. The data for each individual reading was combined to obtain apparent resistivity. No interpretations or analysis into layer depths, thicknesses and true resistivities was carried out on the data. The results are technical in nature and are considered to be a reasonably accurate presentation of existing apparent resistivities within the limitations of the D.C. Resistivity method. Russell Hillman, P.Eng.
6 Table 1 Field Resistivity Data Line RL-H Station No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Resistance (ohms) 406 381 310 391 388 475 466 391 308 268 385 412 Resistivity (ohm-m) 127,549 119,695 97,389 122,836 121,894 149,225 146,398 122,836 96,761 84,195 120,951 129,434
5900000 5899000 RL-D EXT. RL-H RL-C RL-D RL-G 5898000 F R A S E R R I V E R 5897000 RL F RL E 5896000 RL-A RL-B 5895000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000 513000 514000 515000 516000 LEGEND APRIL 2014 RESISTIVITY LINE AUGUST 2013 RESISTIVITY LINE 0 500 1000 1500 2000 METRES BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY APRIL 2013 RESISTIVITY LINE SITE PLAN 2012 RESISTIVITY LINE DATE: APRIL 2014 SCALE 1:50,000 FIG. 2
SW NE 150000 H6 H7 150000 140000 140000 130000 H1 H12 130000 RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) 120000 110000 H2 H4 H5 H8 H11 120000 110000 0 10 20 30 40 100000 H3 H9 100000 METRES 90000 90000 80000 80000 0NE 20NE 40NE 60NE 80NE 100NE 120NE 140NE 160NE 180NE 200NE 220NE 240NE 260NE 280NE 300NE 320NE 340NE 360NE 380NE 400NE 420NE 440NE 460NE 480NE 500NE 520NE 540NE 560NE 580NE 600NE 620NE 640NE DISTANCE (metres) H10 BLACKWATER EXPLORATIONS BLACKWATER PROJECT ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY RESISTIVITY TRAVERSE RL-H (2014) DATE: APRIL 2014 VSCALE 1:5,000 HSCALE 1:1,000 FIG. 3