METODE ZA PREDVIDEVANJE (NAPOVEDOVANJE) VODOTOPNOSTI (topnosti spojin v vodi)

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METODE ZA PREDVIDEVANJE (NAPOVEDOVANJE) VODOTOPNOSTI (topnosti spojin v vodi) Delitev metod (metode temeljijo na): 1. Prispevki posameznih skupin v molekuli k aktivnostnemu koeficientu spojine v vodi. Eksperimentalno določene fizikalno kemijske lastnosti; npr. P, k (HPLC), temperatura vrelišča, molekularni volumen 3. Lastnosti, ki jih ne moremo eksperimentalno določiti; ocenimo jih iz molekularne strukture: molekularna površina, molekularna povezanost ( molecular connectivity ) idr. 4. Kombinacije med dvema in (ali) več eksperimentalno določenimi oziroma izračunanimi parametri: topnostni parametri, linearnost energije solvatacije solvatokromni parametri, različne statistične metode. Teoretične predpostavke uporaba (izpeljava) empirična.

Prispevki posameznih skupin v molekuli k topnosti Homologne vrste: metilenska skupina prispeva konstantno zmanjšanje topnosti (uvedba ene skupine CH zmanjša topnost za faktor 4 4,5). 4,0 < logs w (S (S w ) ) w = A n < n+ 1 4,5 + B n n = št. metilenskih skupin v alifatski verigi; A,B konstanti B ~ 0,6; neodvisen od narave funkcionalne skupine v molekuli A karakterističen za funkcionalne skupine, neodvisen od dolžine verige Uvajanje korekcijskih faktorjev v enačbo (za razvejene spojine, aromate ipd.) Primerno za tekoče topljence. Potrebna je obširna podatkovna baza za vrednotenje posameznih skupin.

Temperatura vrelišča Običajno ni primerna metoda. Topljenec ne sme tvoriti H vezi. Primer za serijo aromatskih ogljikovodikov: log S w = 0.0138 BP 0.76 n = 3, r = 0.07 (Pearsonov koeficient korelacije) BP boiling point Tudi za klorbenzene, heterocikle... Enačbe veljajo le za tisti tip spojin, iz katerih je enačba izpeljana. Obstajati mora povezava med aktivnostnim koeficientom spojine v vodi in vreliščem.

Molekularni volumen Pomemben koncept tvorbe prostora pri raztapljanju. Izračunamo ga iz van der Waalsovih radijev; ne moremo meriti direktno. log S w = A V vdw + B A, B konst., določeni empirično za posamezne skupine molekul Metoda temelji na: proces raztapljanja odvisen le od energetskih sprememb, ki so posledice t.i. cavity formation (tvorba prostora, v katerega se molekula topljenca vgradi). Vplivi polarnih skupin niso upoštevani; kot tudi ne interakcije z molekulami vode.

Površina molekul Stopnja interakcij topilo topljenec direktno odvisna od molekularnih površin... log S w = B TSA + c g B, c g konst., TSA celotna površina molekule TSA lahko razdelimo na površino polarnih in nepolarnih delov molekule. log S w = ΣB g SA g SA g površina določene funkcionalne skupine B g ustrezen pripadajoči koeficient, določen z regresijo

Molekularna povezanost (molecular connectivity) Topološki indeks v molekuli (Randič 1975) povezanost merilo velikosti in kompaktnosti molekule x = 1 Γ i Γ j x indeks povezanosti prvega reda Γ i, Γ j št. C atomov, povezanih z vsakim C atomom v vezi C C Tudi kompleksnejši primeri kasneje dvojne, trojne vezi, aromati, hetero atomi... Korelacije uporabne le v ozkem podatkovnem območju (le za določene skupine spojin).

Figure 1: Molecular volume of HCN

Figure : Overlap of nonlinear molecules.

Figure 3: Cross sectional view of (a) the van der Waals surface, (b) the solvent accessible surface using the center of the solvent molecule, and (c) the periphery of the solvent molecule. (a) (b) (c)

Linearna energija solvatacije - solvatokromni parametri: log S w = a 1 + a V + a 3 Π + a 4 β + a 5 (MP 5)... V molarni volumen, a 1, a, a 3... konst. Π merilo polarnosti Β sposobnost spojine, da tvori H vez MP temperatura tališča (ºC) Določanje teh vrednosti: v različnih topilih; e - donorski, akceptorski faktor, spektrofotometrično.

Topnostni parameter Van der Waalsove sile med molekulami sledijo geometrijskemu pravilu za topilo in topljenec: w w11w 1 = Zato: ln γ = [(w 11 ) 1 (w ) 1 ] VΦ RT 1 = ( δ 1 δ ) VΦ RT 1 Določitev topnostnih parametrov (σ) [ v prvi aproksimaciji: Φ 1 ~1 (razredčene razt.)] δ izraža kohezijo med podobnomi molekulami; podobno v podobnem

Izračun δ: Iz entalpije uparjanja, notranjega pritiska, površinske napetosti idr. ΔHf T0 T V Φ = + 1 log x δ1 δ,303rt T0,303RT δ = du dv ΔHv RT V1 T 1 ; iz notranjega pritiska ( ) notranji pritisk (intermolekularne interakcije privlak, odboj) Porazdelitveni koeficient in predvidevanje vodotopnosti Ravnotežje: x 0 γ 0 = x w γ w (a 0 = a w ) P = x 0 /x w = γ w /γ 0

Predpostavka: Neelektroliti, šibki elektroliti (večina zdravilnih učinkovin) idealno za raztapljanje v oktanolu: γ 0 = 1 logγ w logp t Enačba za topnost: ΔHf Tm T log x = log γ,303r Tm T log x w = ΔSf,303RT (T m 98,15K) log P 0,94 T = 5ºC 0,94 = n log n 0 = w 6,35 55,5

ΔSf logs = (Tm 98,15K) log P + w,303rt 0,80 log n w (55,5) = 1,74 Yalkowsky preizkus gornje enačbe: logs ΔS = 1,00log P 1,11 (Tm 98,15),303RT f + w 0,54 n = 167, R = 0,994 Toge molekule: ΔS f = 56,7 J/molK (geometrijska entropija) log S w = 1,05 logp 0,01 MP + 0,87 MP temperatura tališča v ºC

Figure 4: Entropy of fusion considerations for spherical, rigid and flexible molecules.

(1) The solubility of nonpolar and semipolar solutes in octanol is approximately equal to the ideal solubility, γ 0 = 1. Because P = γ W /γ 0, it follows that logγ w logp. () The ideal solubility can be estimated from T m and ΔS f of the solute. (3) The ΔS f of the solute is constant for rigid molecules. (4) The ratio S 0 /S w is equivalent to P, that is, S w is equal to S 0 divided by P.