PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM THE LOW EARTH ORBIT SPACE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM THE LOW EARTH ORBIT SPACE ENVIRONMENT

Space Technology Proceedings VOLUME 2

PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM THE LOW EARTH ORBIT SPACE ENVIRONMENT Proceedings of ICPMSE-3, Third International Space Conference, held in Toronto, Canada, April 25-26, 1996 Edited by Jacob I. Kleiman Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc., Toronto, Canada and Roderick C. Tennyson Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, Canada SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-6004-2 ISBN 978-94-011-4768-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4768-2 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

Table of Contents Introduction Acknowledgements ix x Section A AONUV and Radiation Effects on Materials and Structures in the Leo Space Environment [1] Low Flux Atomic Oxygen: Can It Be More Hazardous than High Flux? A Risk Assessment Study Y. Haruvy [2] Atomic Oxygen Durability Testing of an International Space Station Solar Array Validation Coupon M. J. Forkapa, B. Banks, S. K. Rutledge, D. H. Ma, E. Sechkar [3] A Technique for Synergistic Atomic Oxygen and Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Durability S. K. Rutledge, B.Banks [4] Atomic Oxygen Durability of Second Surface Silver Microsheet Glass Concentrators K.K. de Groh, D. Jaworske, D. C. Smith, T. S. Mroz [5] A Study of Atomic Oxygen Material Degradation by Spaceflight Experiments and Ground-Based Simulation I.L. Harris, R. Chambers, G. T. Roberts [6] Laboratory Simulation Of Low Earth Orbit C. L. Bungay, R. Synowicki, B. Spady, J. S. Hale, J. Wool/am 9 31 47 65 73 Section B: Interaction of Matter with LEO Environment [7] [8] Prediction of In-Space Durability of Protected Polymers Based on Ground Laboratory Thermal Energy Atomic Oxygen Testing B. Banks, K. K. DeGroh, S. K. Rutledge, Frank J. Difilippo Ground-Based Experimental Verification of the Predictive Model of Polymer-Based Materials Erosion by Atomic Oxygen in LEO G. R. Cool, Z. Iskanderova, YU.Gudimenko, J. I Kleiman, R.C. Tennyson 89 101

vi [9] Anomalous Behaviour Of The Linear Expansion Coefficient Of 107 Reinforced Plastics At Increased Temperatures R. Tourussov, V. Vishvanjuk, A Antonov, A Kuperman, A Gorenberg, AFreidine, [10] Predictive Models of Erosion Processes in LEO Space Environment: 121 A Basis for Development of an Engineering Software J I. Kleiman, Yu. Gudimenko, Z. A Iskanderova, V. Lemberg, R. C. Tennyson Section C Large Scale Coating Process Developments for Protection in LEO [11] The Strategic Technologies For Automation And Robotics (Stear) 131 Program: Protection Of Materials In The Space Environment Sub-Program C. Brunet, L.R. Schmidt, D. Zimcik, J Jackman, D. Carlsson [12] Plasma-Deposited Coatings for the Protection of Spacecraft 139 Material Against Atomic Oxygen Erosion G. Czeremuszkin, M. R. Werlheimer, J Cerny, JE. Klemberg-Sapieha, L. Marlinu [13] Large-Scale Electron Cyclotron Resonance Deposition of Protective 155 Coatings for Space Applications R. V. Kruzelecky, J Blezius, A K. Ghosh [14] Development of High Diffuse Reflectance Surfaces on Teflon 167 J I. Kleiman, O. Popov, A Tong, D. Molenda- [15] Materials Exposure in Low Earth Orbit 2 (MELE02): An Update 179 E. Poire, H. Richards, W Peruzzini [16] Protection of the Radarsat Spacecraft from the Low Earth 189 Oribt Environment D. Zimcik, S. Ahmed Section D Synthesis and Modification of Materials and Surfaces for Protection in LEO [17] About Some Aspects Of Changing Optical Properties Of Glass In 203 Solar Arrays And Other Space Materials On Exposure To Leo Space Environment V.G. Tikhii [18] Photosil - A New Surface Modification Technique For Erosion 207 Resistance Improvement Of Polymer-Based Materials In Leo J I. Kleiman, Yu. Gudimenko, Z. Iskanderova, G. Cool, R. C. Tennyson [19] Soft X-Ray Radiation as a Factor in the Degradation of Spacecraft Materials 215 A Milintchouk, M. Van Eesbeek, F. Levadou

[20] Surface Modification of Polymer-Based Materials by Ion Implantation: 225 A New Approach for Protection in LEO Z. A. Iskanderova, J. I. Kleiman, Y. Gudimenko, W D. Morison, R. C. Tennyson, [21] TOR And COR AO-VUV Resistant Polymers For Space 235 A. Shepp, R. Haghighat, J. Lennhoff, P. Schuler, J. Connell, T. st. Clair, J. Vaughn, J. Swiener vii Appendix A Organizing Committee 255 Author Index 257 Subject Index 259

Introduction This publication presents the proceedings of ICPMSE-3, the third international conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from the Low Earth Orbit Space Environment, held in Toronto April 25-26, 1996. The conference was hosted and organized by Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc, (ITL), and held at the University of Toronto's Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS), where ITL is located. Twenty industrial companies, seven wliversities and eight government agencies from Canada, USA, United Kingdom, France, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and the Netherlands were represented by over 55 participants indicating increasing international co-operation in this critical arena of protection of materials in space. Twenty-five speakers, world experts in their fields, delivered talks on a wide variety of topics on various aspects of material protection in space, Representatives from the Canadian, American, European and Israeli space agencies as well as from leading space research laboratories of major aerospace industries gathered at UTIAS to discuss the latest developments in the field of material and structure protection from the harsh space environment, These proceedings are organized into four sections: a) AONOV and Radiation Effects on Materials and Structures in the Leo Space Environment; b) Interaction of Matter with the LEO Environment; c) Large Scale Coating Process Developments for Protection in LEO; d) Synthesis and Modification of Materials and Surfaces for Protection in LEO, This is the third in our on-going series of bi-annual international space materials conferences wllich began in 1992 in Toronto. Jacob Kleiman, Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc., University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies ix

Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the following for their generous support of ICPMSE-3, the third international conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from the Low Earth Orbit Space Environment. o the Canadian Space Agency; Strategic Technologies for Automation and Robotics (STEAR) Directorate, the Space Station Program Office and the Directorate of Space Mechanics, part of the Directorate General of Space Technology; o Com Dev Ltd., Cambridge, Ontario, Canada; o Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science (presently CRESTech), of Toronto, Canada; o ASM International; o the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. As well, we would like to acknowledge the efforts of text editor Daphne Lavers, Delta Blue Communications, Toronto Conference Chair Jacob Kleiman, Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc. x