Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials AQA Level 1/2 Certificate June 2013 Geography 8031/1 Question 1 2 3 4 Mark Paper 1 Dynamic Physical World TOTAL Tuesday 4 June 2013 1.30 pm to 2.30 pm For this paper you must have: the insert (enclosed) a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may use a calculator. Time allowed 1 hour Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer TWO questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Use case studies to support your answers where appropriate. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 50. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Where applicable, questions should be answered in continuous prose. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in all answers. LEDC is a Less Economically Developed Country. MEDC is a More Economically Developed Country. (Jun138031101) G/K93072 6/6/ 8031/1
2 Answer TWO questions. Use case studies to support your answers where appropriate. 1 Tectonic Activity and Hazards Total for this question: 25 marks 1 (a) Study Figure 1, a map showing the plate boundaries, volcanoes and earthquakes of New Zealand. Figure 1 N Indo-Australian Plate Z Tasman Sea B North Island Kermadec Trench A Y Christchurch Pacific Plate South Island Pacific Ocean 0 100 200 300 km Active volcanoes Earthquakes 2011 Key Plate boundary Plate movement (02)
3 1 (a) (i) Name the type of plate boundary at Y and Z. Y... Z... 1 (a) (ii) Using Figure 1, decide which one of the following statements is true. Tick the correct statement. All volcanoes are found along a plate boundary. Christchurch is more than 100 km from a plate boundary. South Island has more volcanoes than earthquakes. (1 mark) 1 (a) (iii) Study Figure 2, a photograph of Mount Ngauruhoe, New Zealand s most active volcano. Figure 2 On Figure 2, mark with an arrow and label two features of this volcano. Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over (03)
4 1 (a) (iv) Study Figure 3, a cross section of the earth s crust between A and B on Figure 1. Figure 3 Tasman Sea Kermadec Trench B North Island Pacific Ocean A Indo-Australian Plate Pacific Plate Using Figure 3, explain why volcanoes erupt in New Zealand. (4 marks) Extra space... (04)
5 1 (a) (v) Study Figure 4, some information about the Christchurch earthquake of 2011. Figure 4 Christchurch earthquake Date: 22 February 2011 Magnitude: Focus: 6.3 (Richter scale) 5 km below surface Deaths: 185 Injuries: 2500 Cost of rebuilding: $30 billion Using Figure 4 and your own knowledge, explain why some earthquakes have more damaging effects than others. (4 marks) Extra space... Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over (05)
6 1 (b) (i) Describe how earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale. 1 (b) (ii) Suggest why people often continue to live in areas at risk from hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. 1 (c) Using one or more case studies of volcanic eruptions, explain how monitoring, prediction and preparation can reduce the impacts of the eruption. (06)
7 (8 marks) Extra space... 25 Turn over for the next question Turn over (07)
8 2 Ecosystems and Global Environments Total for this question: 25 marks 2 (a) Study Figure 5 on the insert, a map showing details of ecosystems and climate in Africa. 2 (a) (i) Describe the location of hot desert areas in Africa. 2 (a) (ii) What is the distance across the Sahara Desert from X to Y?... km (1 mark) 2 (a) (iii) Study the climate graphs in Figure 5. 1 Which month has the highest rainfall in Kisangani?... 2 The temperature range is the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures. What is the annual temperature range for In Salah?... 2 (a) (iv) Which of the following statements describes the climate of a tropical rainforest? Tick the correct statement. Mild temperatures (10 18 C), rainfall all year (approximately 1000 mm) High temperatures all year (over 30 C), very dry (250 mm of rainfall per year) High temperatures all year (25 27 C), rainfall in every month, (1800 2000 mm per year) (1 mark) (08)
9 2 (b) Study Figure 6 on the insert, a photograph showing part of the tropical rainforest in Central Africa. 2 (b) (i) Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, describe the features of vegetation in the tropical rainforest. (4 marks) Extra space... 2 (b) (ii) Study Figure 7 on the insert, a photograph showing an area in Africa where deforestation has recently taken place. Suggest one reason for deforestation in some countries. (1 mark) Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over (09)
10 2 (b) (iii) Using Figure 7 and your own knowledge, explain the environmental impacts of deforestation. (4 marks) Extra space... 2 (b) (iv) Describe one method of managing tropical rainforests sustainably. (10)
11 2 (c) Using a case study, describe how a hot desert area in an MEDC provides opportunities for economic activities such as commercial farming, mining and tourism. (8 marks) Extra space... 25 Turn over for the next question Turn over (11)
12 Total for this question: 25 marks 3 River Processes and Pressures 3 (a) Study Figure 8, a diagram showing the long profile and two cross profiles of a river in the Lake District. Figure 8 Height (metres above sea level) Source 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 Cross profile River A 200 100 0 Height (m) 200 100 0 Cross profile River 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Distance from source (km) B Mouth Discharge (cubic metres/sec) Average sediment size (cm) 0.31 23 0.64 16 1.16 18 1.32 7 2.16 3 2.54 1 3 (a) (i) Describe the shape of the river s long profile. (1 mark) 3 (a) (ii) State two ways in which the cross profile of the river valley changes between A and B. 1... 2... (12)
13 3 (a) (iii) Suggest why the discharge of the river increases from source to mouth. 3 (a) (iv) Suggest why the size of sediment carried by the river decreases downstream. (1 mark) Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over (13)
14 3 (b) Study Figure 9, a diagram showing features of the valley near A in Figure 8. Figure 9 Waterfall Explain how the waterfall may have been formed. (4 marks) Extra space... (14)
15 3 (c) Study Figure 10, a diagram showing features of the river near B in Figure 8. Figure 10 P Q P Q D 3 (c) (i) Name feature D... (1 mark) 3 (c) (ii) Suggest reasons for the shape of the river cross section between P and Q. Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over (15)
16 3 (d) Study Figure 11 on the insert, photographs showing some effects of river floods. Using Figure 11 and your own knowledge, explain how floods can have contrasting effects. (4 marks) Extra space... (16)
17 3 (e) Study Figure 12 on the insert, showing contrasting hydrographs. Explain why hydrographs may have different shapes due to factors such as rainfall, relief, rock type and land use. (8 marks) Extra space... 25 Turn over for the next question Turn over (17)
18 Total for this question: 25 marks 4 Coastal Processes and Pressures 4 (a) Study Figure 13 on the insert, a photograph showing part of the coastline near Faro, Portugal. 4 (a) (i) Identify the coastal landforms labelled A and B. A... B... 4 (a) (ii) Explain how processes of erosion have formed landforms A and B. (4 marks) Extra space... (18)
19 4 (b) Study Figure 14 on the insert, a photograph of cliffs along the Holderness coast, Yorkshire. 4 (b) (i) Give two pieces of evidence that the cliffs shown in Figure 14 are eroding rapidly. 1... 2... 4 (b) (ii) Describe the effects of rapid cliff erosion on people and the environment. (4 marks) Extra space... Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over (19)
20 4 (c) Study Figure 15, an article about coastal management strategies along the Holderness coast, Yorkshire. Figure 15 The Holderness coast is one of Europe s fastest eroding coastlines. The average annual rate of erosion is around 2 metres per year. The coastline is mainly made up of cliffs, consisting of soft, easily eroded boulder clay. Attempts at coastal management along the Holderness coast include the use of groynes, the construction of revetments as wave-resistant structures at the base of the cliffs, and a sea wall to protect Easington Gas Station. 4 (c) (i) The attempts at coastal management described in Figure 15 are all hard engineering strategies. What is meant by hard engineering? (1 mark) 4 (c) (ii) Name one hard engineering strategy not mentioned in Figure 15 that could be used to protect the coastline. (1 mark) 4 (c) (iii) Describe one soft engineering coastal management strategy. 4 (c) (iv) State one disadvantage of using a soft engineering coastal management strategy. (1 mark) (20)
21 4 (d) Study Figure 16, a sketch map showing coastal features. Figure 16 N River Key 0 1 2 km Sediment Using Figure 16 and your own knowledge, explain how different landforms may be created by the transport and deposition of sediment along the coast. Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over (21)
22 (8 marks) Extra space... 25 END OF QUESTIONS (22)
23 There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED (23)
24 There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Figure 2: We acknowledge the New Zealand GeoNet project and its sponsors EQC, GNS Science and LINZ, for providing this image. Copyright 2013 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. (24)