THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES

THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES

WHAT IS COSMOGONY? Cosmogony (or cosmogeny) is any model explaining the origin of the universe. Cosmogony = Coming into existence

WHAT IS COSMOLOGY Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe. Translates in Greek as Study of the World

HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang. The current measurement of the age of the universe is 13.8 billion years It was determined by measurements of the cosmic background radiation by the WMAP probe in 2012 and the Plank probe in 2015.

THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE The Hubble extreme Deep Field (XDF) shows the farthest galaxies ever photographed. Every speck of light in the photo is an individual galaxy, some of them as old as 13.2 billion The observable universe is estimated to contain more than 200 billion galaxies.

THE BIG BANG THEORY The universe was once a gravitational singularity, which expanded extremely rapidly from its hot and dense state. The origins of the singularity remain as one of the unsolved problems in physics.

AFTER THE BIG BANG 3 minutes after big bang The universe has grown from the size of an atom to larger than the size a grapefruit Energy starts to transform in matter Protons, neutrons, electrons appear from energy clumps.

THE EARLY UNIVERSE Several hundred thousand years after the Big Bang the ATOMS form. The early Universe was about 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium. It is still almost the same today.

FIRST STARS First stars and galaxies form after 300 million years after the Big Bang

BIRTH OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Our Solar System form 4.6 billion years ago

BIG BANG EVIDENCE Universal expansion and Hubble s Law Background radiation Quasars Radioactive decay Stellar formation and evolution Speed of light and stellar distances

UNIVERSAL EXPANSION a) Hubble observed the majority of galaxies are moving away from us and each other b) The farther, the faster they move c) Red Shift of the absorption lines

Noise radiation (static) is evenly spread across space The amount of radiation matched predictions C.O.B.E satellite confirmed for the entire universe that noise radiation is evenly spread Law of conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed so energy remains constant over time BACKGROUND RADIATION

WHAT IS MATTER Matter is anything that has mass (when at rest) and takes up space. The most common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. There are three types of matter Normal matter Antimatter opposite of matter Dark Matter Matter combining with antimatter explodes generating Gamma rays.

Dark Matter is a little known substance. It constitutes of about 23% of all the "stuff" in our universe. It was first hypothesized o explain the velocities of stars in our galaxy and then to explain how galaxies are held together. Galaxies form around large clumps of Dark Matter, and are held together by Dark matter. DARK MATTER

DARK ENERGY Universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the Universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. No one expected this, no one knew how to explain it. But something was causing it. We know how much dark energy there is because we know how it affects the Universe's expansion. Other than that, it is a complete mystery. It turns out that roughly 68%of the Universe is dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 27%. The rest - everything on Earth, everything ever observed with all of our instruments, all normal matter - adds up to less than 5% of the Universe.

One explanation for dark energy is that it is a property of space. Albert Einstein was the first person to realize that empty space is not nothing. Space has amazing properties, many of which are just beginning to be understood. The first property that Einstein discovered is that it is possible for more space to come into existence. DARK ENERGY (CONT)

EINSTEIN S THEORY OF GRAVITY Mass distorts space - curving it Objects and light moving near the massive object are forced to take a curved path around the object. Just like the Moon orbiting Earth.

WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE? A Black Hole is an unimaginably dense region of space where space is curved around it so completely and gravity becomes so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. Einstein s Theory of Gravity predicted the possibility of black holes, but no one believed they actually existed. Today NASA space telescopes have discovered evidence for black holes throughout the universe.

HOW ARE THE BLACK HOLES CREATED? Black holes are made when a giant star, many times the mass of our Sun, dies. Most of the star s atmosphere is blown into space as a supernova explosion. The star s core collapses under its own weight. If the remaining mass is more than the mass of 3 Suns, it will collapse into a black hole.

SUPER-MASSIVE BLACK HOLES Extremely massive black holes have been found in the centers of many galaxies - including our own!

FINDING BLACK HOLES Jets of glowing gas Weird motions of objects nearby Hot material falling into the black hole.

25 NOW WHAT DO YOU THINK? 1. What happens to a spaceship that falls into a black hole? 2. Will the black holes in our Galaxy eventually suck up everything in it - a cosmic vacuum cleaner? 3. What would happen to Earth if the Sun was replaced by a black hole of the same mass? 4. If we can t see black holes, how do we know they are there?

RESOURCES Einstein https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uto1kxxlkpw BigBang https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofi03x9haji https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hszqhqr5xkm Black Holes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxreq8fbtoy Dark matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wok_htkd-oi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaa2o_8wbuq