Massachusetts Curriculum Possible Instructional Evidence of Student Topics Month Standards Benchmarks Strategies Learning (Assessment) Textbook - Modern Biology published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston in 2006 SCIENTIFIC METHOD/SCIENCE SKILLS SKILLS LISTED BELOW ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE LABORATORY ACTIVITIES DONE IN EACH ON THE UNITS THAT FOLLOW. SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. SIS4. Communicate and apply the results of scientific investigations. 2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. Characteristics of living things. Design and conduct an scientific experiment. UNIT 1: Introduction to Biology Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. Design and conduct scientific investigations. 7 characteristics of living things. List the 7 characteristics of living things. Identify examples of the characteristics of living things. Steps of the scientific method. How to formulate a hypothesis. How to identify the variables of an experiment. Design and conduct an experiment. Collect and record data precisely. Analyze and graph data. Write a conclusion. Characteristics of Life PowerPoint Picture examples Video: Eyewitness Life Worksheets with examples Magazine collage of examples Scientific Method PowerPoint Walk through examples Students design and conduct a simple experiment Worksheet Collage Quiz Student correctly identifies IV, DV, control and constants Students write an appropriate procedure for correctly valid data Students correctly collect and record data from their experiment Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 1 of 15 September September
SIS2.9 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials. SIS2.8 Collecting data or evidence in an organized way. SIS2.9 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials. 2.1 PART A Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. 2.1 Part B - Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Using a microscope. Using measuring tools. Follow safety guidelines. The parts of a microscope and their function. Identify the parts of a microscope. Use the microscope to observe, draw and measure cells. SI systems of measurement. Make and record measurements at appropriate levels of precision. Use the microscope to observe, draw and measure cells. Students use the microscope to view the letter e (making a wet-mount slide). Students use the microscope to get answers to questions on the scavenger hunt (using prepared slides). Students design and conduct a simple experiment Worksheet Student draw a valid conclusion based on the data collected To scale drawings of the letter e at all 3 powers. Correct answers to scavenger hunt questions. Students correctly analyze data. Students correctly graph data. Unit 2 - Cells Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes ina cell can be classified broadly as Cell Theory. Cell membrane structure & function. growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. The history of the development of the cell theory State the 3 parts of the cell theory. Explain how the structure of the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis. How different molecule pass through the cell membrane. Cell Theory PowerPoint Video: National Geographic Discovering Cells. Review Redi, Spallanzani and Pasteur s experiments in a worksheet. Cell Membrane PP Cut & paste model of the phospholipids bilayer. Online interactive activities through Prentice Hall website. Worksheet Video questions. Worksheet questions. Model is correctly assembled and labeled. Correct answers to activity questions. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 2 of 15 September September September September
2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Relationship between structure & function. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Cell Organelles Draw and label a diagram of the cell membrane. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems, structure and cells of an organism. Understand the relationship between structure and function. Describe specific examples that illustrate the relationship between structure and function.. Structure & Function PP. Microscope lab looking at unicellular organisms and specialized human cells. Worksheet Unit 3 More Cells Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Draw and label a diagram of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. The function of each cell structure. Label the cell structures on a diagram of a prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell. Prok. & Euk. Cells PP. Worksheet or build models. Worksheet using the textbook images to view prok. and euk. Cells. Cell Structures PP Coloring and labeling WS. Models. Magic of Cells video Scaled drawings of cells observed. Paragraph for each cell explaining the relationship between cell structure & function. Correct answers to worksheet questions. Correct answer to activity questions. Diagrams/models are correctly labeled. Answers to video questions. September October October Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 3 of 15
2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of animal and plant cells. 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. 2.1 Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). 1.3 Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. Plant & Animal Cells Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell. Label the cell structures on a diagram of a plant and animal cell. Plant & Animal Cell PP Lab observing living cells of onion, Elodea, and cheek cells. Worksheet/ models. Correct answers to activity questions. Scaled drawings of observed cells. Unit 4 Water Central Concepts: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. Processes in Hydrogen Bonding Importance of Water Diffusion & Osmosis ph a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. The structure of a water molecule. How hydrogen bonds form. Draw and label a water molecule. Draw and label a hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules. Why hydrogen bonding is important to living organisms. Describe ways that life on earth depends on hydrogen bonding between water molecules. The difference between osmosis and diffusion. Correctly identify isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. Living organisms can only tolerate small changes in the ph of their environment. The range of the ph scale. Correctly identify acids, bases and neutral solutions. Water PP Make models of 2 water molecules showing a hydrogen bond. World of Chemistry Water video Importance of Hydrogen Bonding PP Worksheet with examples. Prentice Hall on-line activities. Diffusion PP Diffusion worksheet Diffusion video?? Diffusion lab using egg, cucumber, or other food. ph PP ph lab and/or worksheet Prentice Hall online activity Correctly assembled models. Correctly answer questions to video. Correct answers to worksheet and/or online activity. Correct answers to worksheet and/or video questions. Correctly set-up lab. Accurately collect and analyze data, correctly graph the data. Write a conclusion that correctly explains the data. Correct answers to worksheet and/or online activity. Safely complete the lab. Accurately collect data Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 4 of 15 October October October October October
1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. Condensation Reactions Unit 5 - Macromolecules Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. A polymer is formed from a long chain of Condensation & Hydrolysis PP monomers. Model of condensation Polymers are formed during a dehydration reactions lab. reaction. Worksheet. Correctly use models to simulate dehydration reactions. Correctly assemble models of a carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Correctly answer lab and/or worksheet questions. November 1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Macromolecules Organiccompounds are made up of a carbon backbone. The main function of the 4 major organic molecules Identify the structural formulas of each of the 4 major organic molecules. An example of each of the 4 major organic molecules. Macromolecules PP Worksheet with examples of types and used of macronutrients. Food pyramid worksheet. Standard Deviants Nutrition video. Correctly ID macronutrients on local menu. Correctly make own menu including macronutrients. Correctly answer questions to web quest. November 1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. Enzymes That the function of an enzyme depends of its specific structure. The structure and function of an enzyme. The factors that can effect how an enzyme works. Describe how and why an enzyme works on specific substrates. Toothpickase Lab from AccessExcellence. Design Your Own Experiment: How Does Temperature Affects Potato Enzymes? Correctly collect and graph data. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly identify IV, DV, control, and constants for Potato Lab. Correctly write up procedure for Potato Lab. November Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 5 of 15
3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance. DNA Unit 6 - DNA Central Concept: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. DNA Structure & Function Lab The structure and function of a DNA DNA Extraction Lab molecule. DNA the Molecule of Life How the genetic code is stored in a DNA video. molecule. The contribution made by Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins to discovering the structure of DNA. Identify the parts of a nucleotide. Identify a double helix Correctly assemble a 2-D model of DNA. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly and safely follow procedure to extract DNA from living cells. Correctly answer questions to video worksheet. November 3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic code. DNA Replication The steps of DNA replication. How the genetic code is preserved from generation to generation. How to describe the final product of DNA replication. Describe the process of DNA replication. Jurassic Park video. Straw and paper clip modeling of replication. Worksheet. Correctly answer questions to video worksheet. Correctly answer lab and worksheet questions. November 2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. Mitosis The parts of the cell cycle. The steps of mitosis. How to describe the results of mitosis. What diploid cells are. Draw the steps of mitosis. Label the cell structures that are a part of mitosis. Drawing the stages of mitosis lab. Identify the stage of mitosis using a microscope. Cell Division video. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly draw, label and describe the events that occur in each stage of mitosis. Correctly identify the stages of mitosis on a slide. November - December Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 6 of 15
3.2 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products transcription, and translation. Unit 7 DNA at Work Central Concept: Genes code for the specific sequences of amino acids that comprise the proteins characteristic to that organism. Modeling transcription and Correctly modeling the steps of What a gene is. translation lab. translation and transcription. What a chromosome is. Modeling transcription and Correctly answer lab and/or T he structure and function of mrna, translation worksheet. worksheet questions. trna, and rrna. Protein The steps and results of transcription. Synthesis The steps and results of translation. Describe the process of transcription. Describe the process of translation. Simulate the process of protein synthesis. December 3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. Mutations How a mutation changes the genetic code. The difference between a gene and a chromosome mutation. Some common mutagens. Simulate the process of protein synthesis of a protein with a mutation. Identify gene and chromosome mutations in a genetic code. Modeling mutations lab. Karyotyping lab. Genetic disorder research/brochure project. Correctly answer lab and/or worksheet questions. Correctly model point and frameshift mutations. Correctly describe the causes, symptoms, occurrence data, and treatments of a genetic disorder. December SIS2 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials (e.g., scales, probeware, meter sticks, microscopes, computers) including set-up, calibration (if required), technique, maintenance, and storage. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. DNA Technologies The basic procedures and uses of DNA Profiling. The basic procedures and uses of genetic engineering. The basic procedures and uses of cloning. Interpret the results of a DNA profile. Simulate the process of genetic engineering. Explain the different types of cloning. Modeling recombinant DNA lab. Cloning online interactive. DNA profiling worksheet and/or online interactive. GATACCA movie. National Geographich video Cloning. Correctly answer lab, online, and/or worksheet questions. Correctly model the steps of recombinant DNA technology, cloning, and DNA profiling. January Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 7 of 15
3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits (dominant, recessive, codominant, sexlinked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles). 3.5 Describe how Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment can be observed through patterns of inheritance (e.g., dihybrid crosses). 3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations in monohybrid crosses. 2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance of this process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in the process of fertilization. Unit 8 Genetics Central Concept: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. Genes code for the specific sequences of amino acids that comprise the proteins characteristic to that organism. Genetics Problems. How to identify a dominant versus a Video. recessive trait. How to identify a sex-linked, multiple allele, and polygenic trait. How to identify codominant versus incomplete dominant trait. Mendel Punnett Squares Meiosis Correctly construct and fill in Punnett square for dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles trait. What phenotype and genotype means. What homozygous and homozygous means. Correctly construct and fill Punnett squares for monhybrid and dihybrid crosses. The basic process of meiosis. The importance of meiosis. The results of meiosis. What haploid and zygote cells are. Identify the process of meiosis. Genetics Problems. Video. Draw and label the stages of meiosis. Modeling meiosis lab. Unit 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Correctly set-up and solve various types of genetics problems. Correctly set-up and solve various types of genetics problems. Correctly draw and label the stages of meiosis. Correctly simulate the process of meiosis. Correctly answer the questions in the lab. Correctly compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Central Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. 2.4 Identify the reactants, Draw the flow (and Correctly draw and label a C-O products, and basic purposes That photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to transformations) of energy cycle. Energy Transfer February of photosynthesis and cellular produce organic molecules (glucose). through an ecosystem Correctly set-up and run the yeast respiration. Explain the That cellular respiration breaks down Yeast Respiration Lab lab. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 8 of 15 January January January
interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. organic molecules (glucose) to produce ATP for use by cells. That autotrophs produce food through photosynthesis. That heterotrophs breakdown food to produce ATP. Correctly diagram the flow of energy through an ecosystem between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Accurately collect, interpret the data, and draw a conclusion. 2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. 2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism. CO 2 O 2 Cycling That photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. That cellular respiration uses oxygen and makes carbon dioxide That photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Correctly diagram the CO 2 O 2 Cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Correctly draw and label the C- O cycle. Plant/Animal Lab (photo. & resp.) Correctly set-up and run of the Plant/Animal lab. Correctly predict if a plant and an animal can survive together in a closed container. Accurately collect, interpret the data, and draw a conclusion. February SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Lab The organisms are dependent on each other for CO 2, O 2 and energy. Correctly design, conduct and evaluate an experiment to test the interdependence of organisms. Correctly explain how organisms depend on each other. Correctly predict whether a plant and an animal in a closed container can support each other. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration lab. (yeast, peas, elodea.... ) Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses Design and conduct scientific investigations. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. February Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 9 of 15
6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Food Webs Unit 10 Ecology Central Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. How energy flows through an ecosystem. That available energy decreases as it moves through an ecosystem. Correctly construct and label a food chain and food web. Draw and label a Massachusetts food web and/or food chain. Magic School Bus Gets Eaten. Lion King Correctly draw and label a food web/chain. Correctly construct and label an ecological pyramid. Correctly identify producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers in a food web or chain. Correctly identify the trophic levels of a food web/chain. 6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration. 6.3 Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities. 6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. Nutrient Cycles Symbiosis Succession That nutrients are recycled through ecosystems. Correctly construct and label a water, carbon/oxygen and nitrogen cycle. How to define predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism, mutualism. Correctly identify and give examples of these relationships in an ecosystem. The patterns of succession of an ecosystem (primary and secondary). The causes and results of succession. Correctly describe the possible pattern of succession for an ecosystem. Draw and label a water and carbon cycle. Describe the processes that maintain the water, carbon and nitrogen cycles. Describe different symbiotic relationships. Describe primary and secondary succession. Define pioneer species. Describe the possible patterns of succession of a forest ecosystem. Define climax community. Video. Life After People Video. The Lorax Correctly draw and label a carbon and water cycle (terrestrial & aquatic). Correctly identify different symbiotic relationships Correctly describe the possible patterns of succession for a forest ecosystem. Correctly identify primary and secondary patterns of succession. Correctly identify pioneer and climax species. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 10 of 15
6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size. 6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. 5.3 Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity through the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population. 5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection. Unit 11 Populations & Evolution Central Concepts: Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Over many generations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity through speciation and extinction. Assessed with standard 6.2 How and why populations grow. Population Growth Population Growth Natural Selection Evidence of Evolution Same as standard 6.2 How and why populations grow. How density-dependent and densityindependent factors affect population growth. Identify exponential and logistic growth curves. Who Charles Darwin was and his contribution to science. That evolution results in changes in populations genetic make up. How natural selection influences evolution. Describe how changes in the environment and natural selection result in changes in populations. That evolutionary theory is based on lots of scientific evidence. What fossil evidence is and how it is used. What homologous, vestigial and analogous structures are and how they support the theory of evolution. How DNA evidence supports the theory of evolution. Define population. Identify factors that limit population growth. Describe logistic and exponential growth. Identify factors that limit population growth. Describe population growth in relation to successional patterns. Define evolution, natural selection, and adaptations. Describe Darwin s contributions to the Theory of Evolution. Describe a possible pattern of evolution. Describe how environmental changes guide evolution. Video. PBS Evolution series. Describe the significance of fossil evidence and how it is dated and give an example Describe the significance of anatomical evidence and give an example. Describe the significance of embryological evidence and give an example. Correctly draw and label a logistic and exponential growth curves. Correctly identify density-dependent and independent factors of population growth. Correctly describe a possible pattern of evolution of a species given specific environmental pressures. Correctly explain Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Correctly explain how Darwin s finches are an example of natural selection. Correctly describe how antibiotic resistant bacteria are an example of natural selection/evolution. Correctly identify homologous, vestigial and analogous structures. Correctly identify closely related organisms based on DNA and protein sequence comparisons. Correctly identify closely related organisms using cladograms. Correctly identify closely related organisms based anatomical and fossil Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 11 of 15
Identify homologous, vestigial and analogous structures and use this information to identify closely related organisms. Identify closely related organisms based on DNA and protein sequence comparisons. Identify closely related organisms using cladograms. Describe the significance of DNA evidence. Read a clodogram/classification tree. NOVA. In Search of Human Origin Eyewitness. Pre-Historic Life comparisons. Unit 12 - Classification Central Concepts: Over manygenerations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity through speciation and extinction. 5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities. 2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction. 2.3 Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). Modern System of Classification Viruses 6 Kingdoms Linneaus s modern system of classification and how it s used. How and why organisms are classified. Identify a scientific name. Use a dichotomous key based on simple anatomical structures. The basic structure of a virus. How viruses reproduce causes cell death. Why viruses are not considered alive. Describe the life cycle of a virus. The 6 kingdoms. How organisms in each kingdom reproduce and obtain energy. The basic cell structure of organisms in each kingdom. Place organisms in their correct kingdom. Use a dichotomous key to identify organisms. Identify scientific names. Describe Linneau s system of classifiction. Label a virus. Describe the steps of lytic and lysogenic cycles. Describe how a virus hurts the organism it invades. Video Understanding Viruses Describe the basic characteristics of each kingdom. Describe the cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction and modes of nutrition for organisms in each of the 6 kingdoms. Video Understanding Bacteria Eyewitness videos Correctly use a dichotomous key. Correctly name the 7 groups in Linneau s system of classification. Correctly label a virus. Correctly organize the steps of viral reproduction. Correctly identify which kingdom a given organism belongs to. Correctly give an example of an organism in each kingdom. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 12 of 15 April April April
Unit 13. BODY SYSTEMS I Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells. 4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth. determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. The structure & function of the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. Muscular/ Skeletal System Digestive System Identify the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. The structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. Draw different the muscle cells. Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Describe the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (enzymes). Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the skeletal system. Correctly identify the major muscle groups and cells. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the digestive system. 4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood. Circulatory System The structure & function of the organs of the circulatory system. Identify the organs of the circulatory system. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of the blood stream. Describe the structure & function of blood. Describe how the heart functions to pump blood through the body. Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the circulatory system and/or heart. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 13 of 15
4.8 Recognize that the body s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop. Homeostasis Circulatory system helps maintain homeostasis by transporting substances to and from cells. Digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by breaking polymers down into monomer for cell use. Difference between a positive and negative feedback loop. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop and give an example of each. Correctly label the parts of a kidney. Correctly give examples of negative and positive feedback loops. Describe how the kidneys filter out needed and waste molecules out of the blood. Describe how polymer are broken down into monomers. Unit 14. BODY SYSTEMS II Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. Respiratory System Nervous System The structure & function of the organs of the respiratory system. Identify the organs of the respiratory system. The structure & function of the organs of the nervous system. How messages are passed through out the body. Identify the organs of the nervous system. Describe the passage of air through the body. Describe the structure of the lungs. Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series and Eyewitness videos. Describe a neuron. Describe the structure & function of the central & peripheral nervous systems. Describe how messages pass from neuron to neuron. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the respiratory system. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the nervous system. Correctly label a neuron. Correctly describe how messages pass from neuron to neuron. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 14 of 15
4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells. 4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. Cellular Communication Reproductive Systems How messages from the nervous systems produce signals to communicate with nearby cells. specific responses by the body. The structure & function of the organs of the reproductive system. Identify the organs of the reproductive system. Describe how cells communicate with each other. Describe flight or fight response. Describe the major hormones of the body. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Describe oogenesis and ovulation in females. Describe spermatogenesis. Describe fertilization in males. National Geographic video Body Atlas series Correctly identify the function of major hormones. Correctly identify and label the organs of the reproductive system. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 15 of 15