Massachusetts Curriculum Topics Standards Benchmarks Textbook - Biology: An Everyday Experience published by Merrill in 1995 Possible Instructional Strategies Evidence of Student Learning (Assessment) Month Accommodations are reflected in assessment tools which include, but are not limited to: Word banks Take tests with resource teacher (extended time) Extended time to complete class work SCIENTIFIC METHOD/SCIENCE SKILLS SKILLS LISTED BELOW ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE LABORATORY ACTIVITIES DONE IN EACH ON THE UNITS THAT FOLLOW. SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. SIS4. Communicate and apply the results of scientific investigations. K.G.1 K.G.2 Observe the world from a scientific perspective. Pose questions and form hypotheses based on personal observations, scientific articles, experiments, and knowledge. UNIT 1: Introduction to Biology Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. 2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Characteristics of living things. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. Design and conduct scientific investigations. 7 characteristics of living things. List the 7 characteristics of living things. Identify examples of the characteristics of living things. Characteristics of Life PowerPoint Picture examples Video: Eyewitness Life Worksheets with examples Magazine collage of examples Worksheet Collage Quiz September Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 1 of 15
SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. SIS2.9 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials. SIS2.8 Collecting data or evidence in an organized way. SIS2.9 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials. 2.1 PART A Relate cell parts/organelles (cytoplasm, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, cell wall, centriole, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Design and conduct an scientific experiment. Using a microscope. Using measuring tools. Steps of the scientific method. How to formulate a hypothesis. How to identify the variables of an experiment. Design and conduct an experiment. Collect and record data precisely. Analyze and graph data. Write a conclusion. Follow safety guidelines. Parts of a microscope and their function. Identify the parts of a microscope. Use the microscope to observe, draw and measure cells. SI systems of measurement. Make and record measurements at appropriate levels of precision. Use the microscope to observe, draw and measure cells. Scientific Method PowerPoint Walk through examples Students design and conduct a simple experiment Students use the microscope to view the letter e (making a wet-mount slide). Students use microscope and prepared slides to answer scavenger hunt questions Students design and conduct a simple experiment Worksheet Student correctly identifies IV, DV, control and constants Students write an appropriate procedure for correctly valid data Students correctly collect and record data from their experiment Student draw a valid conclusion To scale drawings of the letter e at all 3 powers. Correct answers to scavenger hunt questions. Students correctly analyze data. Students correctly graph data. Unit 2 - Cells Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes ina cell can be classified broadly as Cell Theory. growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. The history of the development of the cell theory State the 3 parts of the cell theory. Cell Theory PowerPoint Video: National Geographic Discovering Cells. Review Redi, Spallanzani and Pasteur s experiments in a worksheet. Video questions. Worksheet questions. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 2 of 15 September September September September
2.1 Part B - Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Cell membrane structure & function. Explain how the structure of the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis. How different molecule pass through the cell membrane. Draw and label a diagram of the cell membrane. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. Cell Membrane PP Cut & paste model of the phospholipids bilayer. Online interactive activities through Prentice Hall website. Worksheet Model is correctly assembled and labeled. Correct answers to activity questions. September 2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Relationship between structure & function. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems, structure and cells of an organism. Understand the relationship between structure and function. Describe specific examples that illustrate the relationship between structure and function. Structure & Function PP. Microscope lab looking at unicellular organisms and specialized human cells. Worksheet Unit 3 More Cells Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Draw and label a diagram of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Prok. & Euk. Cells PP. Worksheet or build models. Worksheet using the textbook images to view prok. and euk. Cells. Scaled drawings of cells observed. 2-3 sentences for each cell explaining the relationship between cell structure & function. Correct answers to worksheet questions. September October Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 3 of 15
2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Cell Organelles The function of each cell structure. Label the cell structures on a diagram of a prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell. Cell Structures PP Coloring and labeling WS. Models. Magic of Cells video Correct answer to activity questions. Diagrams/models are correctly labeled. Answers to video questions. October 2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of animal and plant cells. Plant & Animal Cells Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell. Label the cell structures on a diagram of a plant and animal cell. Plant & Animal Cell PP Lab observing living cells of onion, Elodea, and cheek cells. Worksheet/ models. Correct answers to activity questions. Scaled drawings of observed cells. October 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. Unit 4 Water Central Concepts: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. Processes in Hydrogen Bonding a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. The structure of a water molecule. How hydrogen bonds form. Draw and label a water molecule. Draw and label a hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules. Water PP Make models of 2 water molecules showing a hydrogen bond. World of Chemistry Water video Correctly assembled models. Correctly answer questions to video. October 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. Importance of Water Why hydrogen bonding is important to living organisms. Describe ways that life on earth depends on hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Importance of Hydrogen Bonding PP Worksheet with examples. Prentice Hall on-line activities. Correct answers to worksheet and/or online activity. October Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 4 of 15
2.1 Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Diffusion & Osmosis The difference between osmosis and diffusion. Correctly identify isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. Diffusion PP Diffusion worksheet Diffusion video?? Diffusion lab using egg, cucumber, or other food. Correct answers to worksheet and/or video questions. Correctly set-up lab. Accurately collect and analyze data, graphs results Write a conclusion October 1.3 Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. ph Living organisms can only tolerate small changes in the ph of their environment. The range of the ph scale. Correctly identify acids, bases and neutral solutions. Unit 5 - Macromolecules ph PP ph lab and/or worksheet Prentice Hall online activity Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. A polymer is formed from a long chain of Condensation & Hydrolysis PP monomers. Model of condensation Polymers are formed during a dehydration reactions lab. reaction. Worksheet. Condensation Reactions Correctly use models to simulate dehydration reactions. Correct answers to worksheet and/or online activity. Safely complete the lab. Accurately collect data Correctly assemble models of a carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Correctly answer lab and/or worksheet questions. October November 1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Macromolecules Organiccompounds are made up of a carbon backbone. The main function of the 4 major organic molecules Identify the structural formulas of each of the 4 major organic molecules. An example of each of the 4 major organic molecules. Macromolecules PP Worksheet with examples of types and used of macronutrients. Food pyramid worksheet. Standard Deviants Nutrition video. Correctly ID macronutrients on local menu. Correctly make own menu including macronutrients. Correctly answer questions to web quest. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 5 of 15 November
1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. 3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance. 3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic code. 2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome Enzymes DNA DNA Replication Mitosis That the function of an enzyme depends of its specific structure. The structure and function of an enzyme. The factors that can effect how an enzyme works. Describe how and why an enzyme works on specific substrates. Toothpickase Lab from AccessExcellence. Design Your Own Experiment: How Does Temperature Affects Potato Enzymes? Unit 6 - DNA Central Concept: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. DNA Structure & Function Lab The structure and function of a DNA DNA Extraction Lab molecule. DNA the Molecule of Life How the genetic code is stored in a DNA video. molecule. The contribution made by Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins to discovering the structure of DNA. Identify the parts of a nucleotide. Identify a double helix The steps of DNA replication. How the genetic code is preserved from generation to generation. How to describe the final product of DNA replication. Describe the process of DNA replication. The parts of the cell cycle. The steps of mitosis. How to describe the results of mitosis. What diploid cells are. Jurassic Park video. Straw and paper clip modeling of replication. Worksheet. Drawing the stages of mitosis lab. Identify the stage of mitosis using a microscope. Cell Division video. Correctly collect and graph data. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly identify IV, DV, control, and constants for Potato Lab. Correctly write up procedure for Potato Lab. Correctly assemble a 2-D model of DNA. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly and safely follow procedure to extract DNA from living cells. Correctly answer questions to video worksheet. Correctly answer questions to video worksheet. Correctly answer lab and worksheet questions. Correctly answer lab questions. Correctly draw, label and describe the events that occur in each stage of mitosis. Correctly identify the stages of mitosis on a slide. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 6 of 15 November November November November - December
number during asexual reproduction. 3.2 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products transcription, and translation. Draw the steps of mitosis. Label the cell structures that are a part of mitosis. Unit 7 DNA at Work Central Concept: Genes code for the specific sequences of amino acids that comprise the proteins characteristic to that organism. Modeling transcription and Correctly modeling the steps of What a gene is. translation lab. translation and transcription. What a chromosome is. Modeling transcription and Correctly answer lab and/or The structure and function of mrna, translation worksheet. worksheet questions. trna, and rrna. Protein The steps and results of transcription. Synthesis The steps and results of translation. Describe the process of transcription. Describe the process of translation. Simulate the process of protein synthesis. December 3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. Mutations How a mutation changes the genetic code. The difference between a gene and a chromosome mutation. Some common mutagens. Simulate the process of protein synthesis of a protein with a mutation. Identify gene and chromosome mutations in a genetic code. Modeling mutations lab. Karyotyping lab. Genetic disorder research/brochure project. Correctly answer lab and/or worksheet questions. Correctly model point and frameshift mutations. December Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 7 of 15
SIS2 Properly use instruments, equipment, and materials (e.g., scales, probeware, meter sticks, microscopes, computers) including set-up, calibration (if required), technique, maintenance, and storage. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. DNA Technologies The basic procedures and uses of DNA Profiling. The basic procedures and uses of genetic engineering. The basic procedures and uses of cloning. Interpret the results of a DNA profile. Simulate the process of genetic engineering. Explain the different types of cloning. Modeling recombinant DNA lab. Cloning online interactive. DNA profiling worksheet and/or online interactive. National Geographich video Cloning. Correctly answer lab, online, and/or worksheet questions. January 3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits (dominant, recessive, codominant, sexlinked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles). 3.5 Describe how Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment can be observed through patterns of inheritance (e.g., dihybrid crosses). 3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations in monohybrid crosses. Unit 8 Genetics Central Concept: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. Genes code for the specific sequences of amino acids that comprise the proteins characteristic to that organism. Genetics Problems. How to identify a dominant versus a Video. recessive trait. How to identify a sex-linked, multiple allele, and polygenic trait. How to identify codominant versus incomplete dominant trait. Mendel Punnett Squares Correctly construct and fill in Punnett square for dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles trait. What phenotype and genotype means. What homozygous and homozygous means. Correctly construct and fill Punnett squares for monhybrid and dihybrid crosses. Genetics Problems. Correctly set-up and solve various types of genetics problems. Correctly set-up and solve various types of genetics problems. January January Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 8 of 15
2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance of this process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in the process of fertilization. 2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. Meiosis The basic process of meiosis. The importance of meiosis. The results of meiosis. What haploid and zygote cells are. Identify the process of meiosis. Video. Modeling meiosis lab. Unit 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Correctly draw and label the stages of meiosis. Correctly simulate the process of meiosis. Correctly answer the questions in the lab. Correctly compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Central Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Draw the flow (and Correctly draw and label a C-O That photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to transformations) of energy cycle. produce organic molecules (glucose). through an ecosystem Correctly set-up and run the yeast That cellular respiration breaks down Respiration Lab lab. organic molecules (glucose) to produce ATP Accurately collect, interpret the for use by cells. data, and draw a conclusion. That autotrophs produce food through Energy Transfer photosynthesis. February That heterotrophs breakdown food to produce ATP. Correctly diagram the flow of energy through an ecosystem between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. January 2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. 2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism. CO 2 O 2 Cycling That photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. That cellular respiration uses oxygen and makes carbon dioxide That photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Correctly diagram the CO 2 O 2 Cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Correctly draw and label the C- O cycle. Plant/Animal Lab (photo. & resp.) Correctly set-up and run of the Plant/Animal lab. Correctly predict if a plant and an animal can survive together in a closed container. Accurately collect, interpret the data, and draw a conclusion. February Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 9 of 15
SIS1. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses. SIS2. Design and conduct scientific investigations. SIS3. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. 6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. 6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration. 6.3 Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Lab Food Webs Nutrient Cycles Symbiosis The organisms are dependent on each other for CO 2, O 2 and energy. Design,conduct and evaluate an experiment to test the interdependence of organisms. Correctly explain how organisms depend on each other. Predict whether a plant and an animal in a closed container can support each other. Unit 10 Ecology Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration lab. Central Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. How energy flows through an ecosystem. That available energy decreases as it moves through an ecosystem. Correctly construct and label a food chain and food web. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems. Correctly construct and label a water, carbon/oxygen and nitrogen cycle. How to define predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism, mutualism. Correctly identify and give examples of these relationships in an ecosystem. Draw and label a Massachusetts food web and/or food chain. Magic School Bus Gets Eaten. Lion King Draw and label a water and carbon cycle. Describe the processes that maintain the water, and carbon/oxygen cycles. Describe different symbiotic relationships. Make observations, raise questions, and formulate hypotheses Design and conduct scientific investigations. Analyze and interpret results of scientific investigations. Correctly draw and label a food web/chain. Correctly construct and label an ecological pyramid. Correctly identify producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers in a food web or chain. Correctly identify the trophic levels of a food web/chain. Correctly draw and label a carbon and water cycle (terrestrial & aquatic). Correctly identify different symbiotic relationships Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 10 of 15 February
6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. Succession The patterns of succession of an ecosystem (primary and secondary). The causes and results of succession. Correctly describe the possible pattern of succession for an ecosystem. Describe primary and secondary succession. Define pioneer species. Describe the possible patterns of succession of a forest ecosystem. Define climax community. Video. Life After People Video. The Lorax Correctly describe the possible patterns of succession for a forest ecosystem. Correctly identify primary and secondary patterns of succession. Correctly identify pioneer and climax species. 6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size. 6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. 5.3 Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity through the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population. Population Growth Population Growth Natural Selection Unit 10 Ecology Central Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Assessed with standard 6.2 How and why populations grow. Same as standard 6.2 How and why populations grow. How density-dependent and densityindependent factors affect population growth. Identify exponential and logistic growth curves. Who Charles Darwin was and his contribution to science. That evolution results in changes in populations genetic make up. How natural selection influences evolution. Describe how changes in the environment and natural selection result in changes in populations. Define population. Identify factors that limit population growth. Describe logistic and exponential growth. Identify factors that limit population growth. Describe population growth in relation to successional patterns. Define evolution, natural selection, and adaptations. Describe Darwin s contributions to the Theory of Evolution. Describe how environmental changes guide evolution. Video. PBS Evolution series. Correctly draw and label a logistic and exponential growth curves. Correctly identify density-dependent and independent factors of population growth. Correctly explain Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Correctly explain how Darwin s finches are an example of natural selection. Correctly describe how antibiotic resistant bacteria are an example of natural selection/evolution. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 11 of 15
5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection. Evidence of Evolution That evolutionary theory is based on lots of scientific evidence. What fossil evidence is and how it is used. What homologous, vestigial and analogous structures are and how they support the theory of evolution. How DNA evidence supports the theory of evolution. Identify homologous, vestigial and analogous structures and use this information to identify closely related organisms. Identify closely related organisms based on DNA and protein sequence comparisons. Identify closely related organisms using cladograms. Describe the significance of fossil evidence and how it is dated and give an example Describe the significance of anatomical evidence and give an example. Describe the significance of embryological evidence and give an example. Describe the significance of DNA evidence. Read a clodogram/classification tree. NOVA. In Search of Human Origin Eyewitness. Pre-Historic Life Correctly identify homologous, vestigial and analogous structures. Correctly identify closely related organisms based on DNA and protein sequence comparisons. Correctly identify closely related organisms based anatomical and fossil comparisons. Unit 12 - Classification Central Concepts: Over manygenerations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity through speciation and extinction. 5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities. Modern System of Classification Linneaus s modern system of classification and how it s used. How and why organisms are classified. Identify a scientific name. Use a dichotomous key based on simple anatomical structures. Use a dichotomous key to identify organisms. Identify scientific names. Describe Linneau s system of classifiction. Correctly use a dichotomous key. Correctly name the 7 groups in Linneau s system of classification. April 2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction. Viruses The basic structure of a virus. How viruses reproduce causes cell death. Why viruses are not considered alive. Describe the life cycle of a virus. Label a virus. Describe the steps of lytic and lysogenic cycles. Describe how a virus hurts the organism it invades. Video Understanding Viruses Correctly label a virus. Correctly organize the steps of viral reproduction. April Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 12 of 15
2.3 Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). 6 Kingdoms The 6 kingdoms. How organisms in each kingdom reproduce and obtain energy. The basic cell structure of organisms in each kingdom. Place organisms in their correct kingdom. Describe the basic characteristics of each kingdom. Describe the cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction and modes of nutrition for organisms in each of the 6 kingdoms. Video Understanding Bacteria Eyewitness videos Correctly identify which kingdom a given organism belongs to. Correctly give an example of an organism in each kingdom. April Unit 13. BODY SYSTEMS I Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells. determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. The structure & function of the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. Muscular/ Skeletal System Identify the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the muscular and skeletal systems. Draw different the muscle cells. Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the skeletal system. Correctly identify the major muscle groups and cells. 4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth. Digestive System The structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Describe the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (enzymes). Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the digestive system. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 13 of 15
4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood. 4.8 Recognize that the body s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop. Circulatory System Homeostasis The structure & function of the organs of the circulatory system. Identify the organs of the circulatory system. Circulatory system helps maintain homeostasis by transporting substances to and from cells. Digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by breaking polymers down into monomer for cell use. Difference between a positive and negative feedback loop. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of the blood stream. Describe the structure & function of blood. Describe how the heart functions to pump blood through the body. Videos Incredible Human Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series, and Eyewitness videos. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop and give an example of each. Correctly label and assemble the parts of the circulatory system and/or heart. Correctly label the parts of a kidney. Correctly give examples of negative and positive feedback loops. Describe how the kidneys filter out needed and waste molecules out of the blood. Describe how polymer are broken down into monomers. Unit 14. BODY SYSTEMS II Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and Respiratory System The structure & function of the organs of the respiratory system. Describe the passage of air through the body. Describe the structure of the lungs. Videos Incredible Human Correctly label and assemble the parts of the respiratory system. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 14 of 15
carbon dioxide. Identify the organs of the respiratory system. Body, The Universe Within, Body Atlas series and Eyewitness videos. 4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. 4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells. 4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. Nervous System Cellular Communication Reproductive Systems The structure & function of the organs of the nervous system. How messages are passed through out the body. Identify the organs of the nervous system. How messages from the nervous systems produce signals to communicate with nearby cells. specific responses by the body. The structure & function of the organs of the reproductive system. Identify the organs of the reproductive system. Describe a neuron. Describe the structure & function of the central & peripheral nervous systems. Describe how messages pass from neuron to neuron. Describe how cells communicate with each other. Describe flight or fight response. Describe the major hormones of the body. Describe the structure & function of the organs of the digestive system. Describe oogenesis and ovulation in females. Describe spermatogenesis. Describe fertilization in males. National Geographic video Body Atlas series Correctly label and assemble the parts of the nervous system. Correctly label a neuron. Correctly describe how messages pass from neuron to neuron. Correctly identify the function of major hormones. Correctly identify and label the organs of the reproductive system. Developed by Diane DeFalco based on October 2006 Massachusetts Page 15 of 15