Kingdom nimalia Cladistics - Useful terms pomorphies Derived characters within a group Plesiomorphies Primitive characters within a group Synapomorphies Derived characters shared between groups Symplesiomorphies Shared primitive characters that are shared between groups utoapomorphies Shared derived characters that define a taxon 1 2 Cladistics Useful terms C BIO1130 Organismal Biology B CD CE C= pomorphy = Plesiomorphy = Symplesiomorphy C= Synapomorphy E= utapomorphy 3 Chelicera (utoapomorphy) Chelicerata Crustacea Tracheata Chelicerata Jointed appendages (Symplesiomorphy) Jointed appendages (Symplesiomorphie) rthropoda Jointed appendages (utoapomorphy) Mandibles (Symplesiomorphy) Mandibulata Mandibles (utoapomorphy) 4 Monophyletic Polyphyletic D E G H J K D E G H J K C F I C F I B B 5 6 Page 1
Paraphyletic D E G H J K C B F I 7!! nimalia (utapomorphies) Multicellular, eukaryotes, Ingestive heterotrophs Cells with different functions Choanocytes Collagen Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera nnelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa rthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Collagen Cellular organization Tropochollagen subunit High glycine/proline gly-x-pro Unicellular: single cells Parazoans: without true tissues Metazoans: with tissues or organs Unicellular Parazoan Eumetazoan 9 10 Basic animal body symmetries ssymetric symmetric Radial Bilateral ssymetric Radial Bilateral 11 12 Page 2
Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 13 14 Body symmetry symmetric Radial symmetry Biradial symmetry Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera nnelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa rthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Phylum Porifera 16 Extant nimalia ~1,300,000 species Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) nnelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) telocerata (70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) Poriferan diversity - tube sponges 18 Page 3
Poriferan diversity - tube sponges Poriferan diversity - barrel sponge 19 20 Poriferan diversity Poriferan diversity glass sponge 21 22! Porifera (utapomorphies) symmetric body plan Cells but no tissues Use of choanocytes in an aquiferous system Totipotent cells! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera nnelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa rthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Cell layers NOT tissues Pinacoderm Mesohyl Choanoderm 24 Page 4
Cellular body wall Pinacocyte Pinocoderm Pinococytes Porocytes Mesohyl rcheocytes Sclerocytes Spongocytes Choanoderm Choanocytes 25 26 Porocyte Other cells rcheocytes (mebocytes) 27 28 Sclerocytes Sponge spicules - Skeleton Calcium carbonate Silica Spongin 29 30 Page 5
Choanocyte function Choanoderm - Feeding and Digestion Food capture Ventilation Reproduction Choanocyte flagellum Microvillar collar Food vacuole mebocyte in the mesohyl 31 32 Identifying sponge architectures (quiferous system) sconoid sponges quiferous system Location of choanocytes How water reaches and leaves choanocytes Number of oscula Presence of porocytes Osculum Spongocoel Ostium Porocyte 33 34 Syconoid sponges quiferous system Osculum Spongocoel Choanocyte Radial canal Incurrent pore Incurrent canal Mesohyl Leuconoid sponges quiferous system Osculum Excurrent canal Incurrent pore Incurrent canal Choanocyte chamber 35 36 Page 6
Sponge sex an example of totipotency Choanoctyes become sperm rcheocytes form egg Poriferan reproduction Micropyle Sexual Spicule sexual Budding Fragmentation Gemmule formation http://www.waterexplorer.com/il_cool102.htm 37 38 Page 7