Kingdom Fungi Announcements Friday lab: Fungi & Lichen Bring a Lichen to ID! Do prelab Quiz #4 Friday Study Prokaryotes & Protists Mushroom Fest extra credit due Fri Email me or bring to lab Endosymbiosis article 1 page summary due Friday. 1
Protist review: 1-minute paper topics A. Why is the Kingdom Protista not an evolutionarily valid group? B. Briefly describe the malaria life cycle. C. What is a red tide? Why do they form and why are they dangerous? Lecture Outline 1. Major Fungal Characteristics 2. Fungi Diversity 1. Chytrids 2. Zycomycets 3. Glomeromycets 4. Basidiomycets 5. Ascomycets 3. Ecology 1. Decomposers 2. Mutualisms 1. Lichen 2. Mycorrhiza 3. Endophytes 3. Pathogens 2
Stepping back to the tree Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants In your groups - discuss: 1. Why they were originally thought to be more closely related to plants? 2. Why they are now considered to be more closely related to animals? Major Fungal Characteristics 1. Organism organization: Unicellular or Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic cells 3. Heterotrophs-- they obtain their nutrients from other organisms 4. Fungi secrete enzymes outside their bodies and absorb the digested nutrients 3
Anatomy Fungi have filamentous bodies Fruiting body Mycelium Made of hyphae Figure 18.1 Masses of hyphae form mycelia The dense interwoven mat you see here growing through leaves on a forest floor is a mycelium made up of microscopic hyphae 8 4
Filamentous body mycelium hyphae Fig. 22-1 Filamentous Structural Organization One cell of one hypha thread of the mycelium. 5
Septum and pore between cells in a hypha 11 DNA in Chromosomes 6
Haploid nucleus Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes Fungi (1n) Adult human (2n) What causes a fairy ring? Discuss with your table 7
Major Fungal Characteristics Cell wall composition Chitin (with some cellulose), a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi Reproduction spores asexual sexual Sex: Fungi can be classified as: male, female.. + many more sexes! Called mating types 8
Fungi Classification & Taxonomy Groups are based on cell nuclear structure: number of nuclei per cell and Reproductive structures Hyphae cell nuclear structure Hyphae of most species are divided into many cells by partitions called septa (singular, septum); each cell possesses one or more nuclei Pores in the septa allow cytoplasm to stream from one cell to the next. 9
Fungi Classification & Taxonomy Groups are based on cell nuclear structure: and reproductive structures Phylogeny of the Major Groups of Fungi Septation 10
Fungal Diversity 56,000 known species + a million unknown? Chytridiomycota Most chytrids are aquatic They are distinguished from other fungi by forming flagellated spores that require water for dispersal They reproduce both asexually and sexually 11
Zygotmycota (Zygomycetes) 1% of known species Successful, rapid reproducers Produce and disperse hundreds of spores from hyphae tips Bread molds Zygomycosis- malnourished, diabetics, burns, weakened immunity systems Zygomycota Zygote Fungi Aseptate: Multi-nucleated cells of hyphae Reproduces both sexually and asexually through sporangia Reproductive structure: zygosporangia Rhizopus stolonifer Pilobolus crystallinus Examples: Rhizopus stolonifer & Pilobus crystallinus 12
Pilobus crystallinus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trkj AojmB1Y 13
Glomeromycota Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants Their hyphae penetrate root cells and form microscopic branching structures inside the cell Mutualism: Internal mycorrhizae Club fungi (Basidiomycota) 25,000 species Reproductive structures protrude out from mycelium mushrooms Caps with gills on surface that have spores 14
Basidiomycota Cells: Septate Amanita muscaria Basidiomycota Reproductive structures: Basidiocarp, basidium, basidiospore 15
Ascomycota: Sac fungi Most diverse group 30,000 species Cells: Septate Reproductive structures Ascocarp, ascospores develop in ascus Symbiotic associations: Endophytic mycorrhizae - beneficial association with plants With insects: leaf cutter ants, termites Peziza sp. Ascomycota Sexual reproductive structures: Ascocarp, asci, ascospores 16
Asexual reproduction Structure: Conidia Example: Penicillium Ascomycota Diverse lifestyles Fungi can be: Decomposers e.g. bread mold Parasites e.g. Athlete s foot Mutualistic symbionts 17
Decomposers Angel wings Pleurocybella porrigens Chicken of the woods Mutualists: A. Lichens 18
A. Lichens are a composite organism (fungus+algae or cyanobacteria) Lichen Lichen The fungal component is usually in the Ascomycota 19
Lichen with basidiomycet fungi Lichen with Basidiomycota fungi 20
Ecological Roles of Lichens Pioneer species: Survive in hostile habitats and colonize new habitats Cyanobacteria-containing lichens can fix nitrogen Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form plants can use Environmental indicators Symbiosis of Fungi with Other Organisms 1. Mutualistic B. Mycorrhizal fungi 21
Mycorrhizal fungi 22
Symbiosis of Fungi with Other Organisms 1. Mutualism C. Endophytic fungi Aphids Clacvicepts Symbiosis of fungi with other organisms 2. Pathogenic Examples: Ergot Salem witch trials? 23
Symbiosis of fungi with other organisms 2. Pathogenic Plant diseases caused by Rusts Smuts Examples: Corn smut Dutch elm disease Chestnut blight Pathogenic Fungi World s largest organism? 48 24
Pathogenic fungi Lobster mushrooms Parasitize other fungi! Symbiosis of fungi with other organisms 2. Pathogenic Example: Chytridiomycosis infectious skin disease that affects amphibians worldwide Caused by a Chytrid fungus 25
Chytrid life cycle Chytrid infection The pathogenic chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has infected this frog 52 26
Symbiosis of fungi with other organisms: Pathogenic White nose syndrome: Geomycets destructens Bat populations in the east are devistated! Globalization from Europe Cordyceps/ Phasyrum and Insects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruopj YLBvrI&feature=related 27