Physical Science Final Examination-Review Sheet (14-15) KEY 1. A process used to answer questions or solve problems is called scientific inquiry. 2. Anything that has mass and takes up space is matter. 3. Which branch of physical science studies the properties of matter and changes in matter? Chemistry 4. The variable that is measured by the scientist is called the manipulated variable. 5. The variable that is changed by the scientist is called the responding variable. 6. Define qualitative observation. Give one example. An observation that describes a substance. The compound was a blue solid material. 7. Define quantitative observation. Give one example. An observation that has numbers or measurements. The density of the substance is 2.3 g/ml. 8. List some procedures to ensure safety in the laboratory. Read procedure of lab carefully. Follow teachers instructions. Be prepared. Follow safety procedures. 9. A forecast about something that will happen in the future is called a prediction. 10. A judgment based on prior knowledge or observations is called an inference. 11. Collecting information using your senses is called observing. 12. The force of gravity exerted on an object on Earth is called weight. 13. The amount of matter in an object is called mass. 14. Formula for density. Density = mass / Volume D = m/v 15. The density of a block of wood with a volume of 50 cubic centimeters and a mass of 100 grams. What is its density? D = m/v D = 100g/50cm 3 D = 2g/cm 3
16. When is the method of water displacement used? To measure the volume of an irregular shaped object. 17. What instrument is used to find the volume of a liquid? a graduated cylinder 18. What are the proper units for density? g/ml or g/cm 3 19. What is the basic unit for mass? kilogram 20. One ml of water is approximately equal in mass to one gram. 21. What is the basic unit of length? meter 22. What is a force? A push or a pull 23. What is the unit for force? Newton 24. What happens when two forces act in the same direction? (how are the forces combined?) The forces are combined through addition. 25. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion is called inertia. 26. Explain the relationship between the mass and inertia of an object. When the mass of an object increases, the inertia also increases. When the mass of an object decreases, the inertia also decreases. 27. Compare balanced vs. unbalanced forces. Balanced: no change in motion, equal and opposite, net force = 0 Newtons Unbalanced: cause a change in motion, not equal in size or magnitude 28. The force exerted on an object when two surfaces are touching is called friction. 29. Define the 3 types of friction. Sliding friction: occurs when two surfaces are sliding over each other Rolling friction: occurs when one surface rolls over another one Fluid friction: occurs when an object moves through a fluid (a liquid or a gas) 30. A force that pulls all objects toward the center of the Earth is called gravity. 31. When the only force acting on an object while it is falling, the object is said to be in free fall.
32. How do you increase the acceleration of an object? (Refer to 2 nd Law) Decrease the mass of an object or increase the force on an object. 33. Define the Law of Universal Gravitation. All objects in the universe are affected by the force of gravity on Earth. All objects have a force of attraction because of gravity. 34a. An object in motion will stay in motion, an object at rest will remain at rest represents Newton s First Law of Motion. b. The relationship between the force applied, the mass of an object, and the acceleration of an object represents Newton s Second Law of Motion. c. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction represents Newton s Third Law of Motion. 35. An object that orbits another object in space is called a satellite. 36. Air resistance is a type of fluid friction. 37. The ability to do work or cause change is called energy. 38. What is the unit for energy? Joule 39. Kinetic energy increases as mass increases. (think of formula) 40. When you rub your hands together on a cold day, you use friction to convert mechanical energy to thermal energy. 41. What type of conversion is taking place when using a fan? Electrical Mechanical Thermal Sound 42. Define elastic potential energy. Give one example. Energy that is stretched or compressed. Elastic band, bow and arrow, slinky. 43. What is the unit for GPE? Joule 44. A change from one form of energy to another is called an energy transformation. 45. Energy that is stored or energy of position is called potential. 46. Energy that is dependent upon the height and weight is called gravitational potential energy (GPE).
48. The rate at which work is done is called power. 49. A force acting through a distance is called work. 50. Energy that originates from the sun or light is called radiant. 51. Energy that originates from the motion of sound waves is called sound. 52. Label the pendulum diagram showing MAX KE and MAX PE. MAX PE MAX PE MAX KE 53. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy involved in a transformation is equal to the total amount of energy before and after the transformation. 54. Energy that relates to heat or the internal motion of particles of a substance is called thermal energy. 55. A form of energy that relates to the motion of an object is mechanical energy. 56. The form of energy that relates to the energy released in chemical bonds is called chemical energy. 57. The form of energy released by the nucleus of an atom splitting is called nuclear energy. 58. The form of energy associated with moving electrical charges is called electrical energy. 59. The form of heat transfer associated with direct contact is conduction. 60. The form of heat transfer associated with the movement of a fluid (convection currents) is convection. 61. The form of heat transfer associated with an open flame is radiation. 62. The movement of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object is called heat transfer. 63. Heat moves from a warmer object to a cooler object.
64. When is an object said to be in motion? An object is said to be in motion when the object is changing its distance from another object. 65. What is the formula for speed (2)? S = d/t 66. What are the units for speed (2)? m/s km/hr 67. What is the unit for time? (2) seconds, hours 68. What is the unit for distance?(2) meters, kilometers 69. Speed in a given direction is called velocity. 70. The steepness of a line is called slope. 71. A change in an objects velocity over time is called acceleration. 72. What three things occur when an object is accelerating? a. increasing speed b. decreasing speed c. change direction 73. When an object is slowing down or has a negative change in velocity it is decelerating. 74. A stationary object used as a background to determine if an object is in motion is called a frame of reference. 75. On a graph showing distance versus time, a horizontal line represents an object that is at rest. (stationary, speed = 0m/s) 76. Speed that does not change is called constant speed. 77. If a bicyclist travels 30 kilometers in two hours, what is his speed? 15km/hr 78. When is a chemical equation said to be balanced? A chemical equation is balanced when the total number of atoms of the reactants equal the total number of atoms of the products. 79. Define a decomposition reaction. Give one example. Consists of one complex compound and breaks down into two simpler substances. AB A + B
80. What occurs or takes place when chemical bonds break and new bonds form? A chemical reaction takes place. 81. CaCO3 represents a chemical compound. 82. What evidence supports the fact that a chemical reaction has taken place? (List all 4) a. formation of bubbles a gas is formed b. a color change c. formation of a precipitate d. release or absorption of heat/thermal energy 83. The substances listed on the left side of a chemical equation are reactants. 84. A reaction that releases heat is called an endothermic reaction. 85. The small number that sits to the lower right hand corned of a chemical symbol that signifies the number of atoms of an element is called a subscript. 86. The large number that sits in front of a chemical compound that represents the number of molecules of the substance is called a coefficient. 87. A reaction that absorbs heat is called an endothermic reaction. 88. Reactants are substances that are found on the left hand side of a chemical equation. Products are found to the right. 89. Define chemical equation. A short hand way of representing a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas. 90. What is the chemical symbol for Oxygen? O 91. Define the Law of Conservation of Mass. The total mass or number of atoms of substances before a reaction must equal the total mass or number of atoms after a reaction. 92. What is a double replacement reaction? Give one example. A reaction where you begin with two reactants and you end up with two reactants. AB + CD = AD + BC
93. Most metals are solid at room temperature. 94. Mercury is a metal that is a liquid at room temperature. 95. A material that does NOT conduct heat well is called a(n) insulator. 96. How many different forms, or states, does most matter on Earth exist in? three 97. The substance on the right hand side of a chemical equation are called nonmetals 98. A substance that does heat well is called an insulator. 100. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in an object is called temperature. 101. Describe the motion of the particles in a solid, a liquid, and a gas. Solid particles vibrate liquid slide by each other gas move rapidly, fast 102. A phase change from a liquid to a gas at the surface of a liquid is called boiling. 103. A system that interacts directly with the environment is called an open system. 104. A system that does not interact directly with the environment is called a closed system. 105. A phase change that occurs when a liquid changes to a solid is freezing. 106. A phase change that occurs when a gas changes to a liquid is condensation. 107. Flammability, corrosion, rusting, and reactivity are chemical properties of metals. 108. Hardness, texture, color, and freezing point are physical properties of metals. 109. What is a chemical formula? A method using symbols to represent a molecule or a chemical compound. 110. What happens to the existing bonds during a chemical reaction? Existing bonds break and new bonds form. 111. What is a single replacement reaction? Give one example. Starts with two reactants and ends with two products, however, begins and ends with a different uncombined element.
112. What is the greatest number of electrons an atom can have in the first energy level: 2 electrons second energy level: 8 electrons third energy level: 18 electrons 113. A physical property of a metal where it can be hammered into thin sheets is called malleable. 114. A physical property of a metal where it can be drawn into thin wire is called ductile. 115. A physical property of a metal where the metal can conduct hear or electricity is called conductivity. 116. Where are the most reactive metals found on the periodic table? Bottom left 117. Where are the protons, neutrons, and electrons found within an atom? Protons: inside the nucleus Neutrons: inside the nucleus Electrons: outside of the nucleus; in the electron cloud 118. Define chemical property. What are some examples? A characteristic that describes how a substance has the ability to change into a new substance. Flammibility, reactivity, corrosive. 119. Define chemical change. What are some examples? A chemical property that describes how a substance changes into a new substance with new properties. 120. Define physical property. What are some examples? A characteristic that is used to describe a substance. 121. Define physical change. What are some examples? A characteristic that can be observed without changing the identity of a substance. 122. 4Al2(SO3)3 Al 8 S 12 O 36 123. 2Na3PO4 Na 6 P 2 O 8
Balance the following equation. 124. 1 MgF2 + 1 Li2CO3 1MgCO3 + 2 LiF Mg: A = C F: 2B = D Li: 2B = D C: B = C O: 3B = 3C A = 6 = 1 C = 6 = 1 B= 6 = 1 D = 12 = 2 2B = D 2(6) = D 12 = D