Source TRIPS 5MeV BNCT Be converter U target RFQ ISCL Ion source 100 MeV Isotope separator Charge breeder SPES Conceptual Design Report TECHNICAL COMMITTEE A. Pisent (Technical Coordinator) M. Comunian (Injector and Normal Conducting Driver Linac) A. Facco (Superconducting Driver Linac) L. Tecchio (Production of Exotic Beams) A. Lombardi (Reacceleration of Exotic Beams) P. Favaron (Civil Engineering, Infrastructure and Safety) G. Bisoffi (Costs and Schedule) Exp. ALPI Charge state separator High resolution spectrometer SRFQ
Outlook RFQ ISCL RIBs production Driver accelerator Reacceleration Exp. ALPI Charge breeder High resolution spectrometer SRFQ
Production of neutron reach RIBs in SPES UCx target rods 100 MeV, 1 ma proton beam Beryllium converter Graphite matrix Fission induced by fast neutrons 310 13 fissions per second. The p beam power (~ 100 kw) is dissipated in the first target (converter), while the second target (production target) only withstands the fission power (few kw). The production target consists of 238 U, in the UCx form. The (p/n) converter is a thick Be target
p energy 0.6 12.0 neutron/proton 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 neutron/p range of p in Be n/p/m 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 range of p in Be [cm] n per p per t a rget thickness [m -1 ] 0 0 50 100 150 proton energy [MeV] 0.0 Number of neutrons (above 2 MeV) produced for each proton in the whole solid angle
Neutron production@different beam power 3.00E+15 neutron production neutrons/s 2.50E+15 2.00E+15 1.50E+15 1.00E+15 beam 50 kw beam 100 kw beam 150 kw 5.00E+14 0.00E+00 0 50 100 150 Proton energy [MeV] Flux of neutrons (above 2 MeV) in the whole solid angle for a thick beryllium target as function of p energy.
100 MeV, 1 ma proton beam UCx target rods Graphite matrix Yield [ (1.6E-7)/Sr per incident proton] 1.0E+05 1.0E+04 1.0E+03 1.0E+02 1.0E+01 1.0E+00 1.0E-01 0 < α < 30 30 < α < 60 60 < α < 90 Beryllium converter 1.0E-02 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Neutron energy [MeV] n spectrum (100 MeV p on thick Be target) Production target 4 kg UCx, nuclear graphite containing UCx rods (φ = 10 mm, δ = 2.5 g cm -2 ) uniformly distributed. A tungsten container encapsulates the target that can be heated to high temperatures (2000-2500 0 C). This latter is connected by a tube to an ion source and both stand to a potential of 60 kv, respect the ground. The calculated total fission rate is about 3 x 10 13 /s
Fragments produced by each proton (in 4 kg of Ucx) Sn 132 The nominal beam is of 1.7 x 10 16 p/s.
Fission mass distribution for 100 MeV, 1 ma proton beam on beryllium converter and 4 kg UCx production target
Element Lifetime [s] Yield [atoms/mc] Total eff. [%] Release &delay eff. [%] Ioniz. eff. [%] Ion source Intensity [ions/s] 68Ni 29 1.0 10 8 12 30 40 1.20 10 7 Yield [atoms/s] Intensity [ions/s] 78Zn 1.47 5.0 10 9 0.048 4.8 10 2.40 10 7 91Kr 8.6 2.0 10 11 28.8 72 40 5.76 10 10 94Kr 0.2 1.5 10 11 64 16 40 9.60 10 9 97Rb 0.17 2.0 10 11 11.4 12 95 2.28 10 10 Yield / Intensity 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 105Zr 1.0E+10 0.6 1.0 10 11 6 12 50 6.00 10 9 120Ag 1.23 2.0 10 11 30 60 50 6.00 10 10 1.0E+09 120Pd 3.91 1.5 10 11 12.5 50 25 1.88 10 10 123Cd 1.0E+08 2.09 2.0 10 11 24 60 40 4.80 10 10 125In 2.36 2.3 10 11 32 80 40 7.36 10 10 1.0E+07 128Sn 59 m 2.1 10 11 21.2 40 53 4.45 10 10 129Sn 2,4 m 2.5 10 11 21.2 40 53 5.30 10 10 1.0E+06 68Ni 130Sn 3,7 m 2.5 10 11 21.2 40 53 5.30 10 10 78Zn 91Kr 94Kr 97Rb 105Zr 120Ag 120Pd 123Cd 130In 0.29 1.2 10 11 20 50 40 Isotope 2.40 10 10 131Sn 39 2.3 10 11 1.2 2.4 50 2.76 10 9 132Sn 34.9 1.9 10 11 1.2 2.4 50 2.28 10 9 142Xe 1.24 1.2 10 11 26.4 44 60 3.17 10 10 144Xe 1.15 1.0 10 11 26.4 44 60 2.64 10 10 At experiments for Sn 132 typically 10 8 ions/s (0.02 pna) 144Cs 1 1.0 10 11 38 40 95 3.80 10 10 125In 128Sn 129Sn 130Sn 130In 131Sn 132Sn 142Xe 144Xe 144Cs
10 MeV 30 ma Be converter L=90 cm 300 kw water cooled to be prototyped
Thermal stress calculations (10 MeV, 30 ma) Maximum thermo-mechanical stress [10 7 Pa] σ m Be σ θ Be σ ult Be / σ fl Be σ m Fe σ θ Fe σ ult Fe / σ fl Fe 8.76 10.96 27-37 / 25.5 12.71 15.90 32.4 / 20.5
R&D for C 13 rotating target R&D program for the production of C 13 with graphyte mechanical properties
U target Source (p) BNCT Exp. Non fission target RFQ ISCL RFQ ISCL 5MeV/u 100 MeV Be converter Ion sources Isotope separator Source A/q<3 Charge breeder SPES block diagram Charge state separator High resolution spectrometer Exp. ALPI RFQ Beside fast fission, p for direct reactions A/q<3 (~100MeV/q):fusion-evaporation or multinucleon transfer reactions. deuterons increased production of neutrons (*2 on the whole solid angle, * 8 in the forward direction) getting to 10 14 Fission/s. with d is much more difficult the linac operation (activation of the structure including the RFQ). this high intensity ion beam can be directly used by experiments.
The driver linac The main linac parameters are: Beam energy: 100 MeV Beam current : 5 ma (like Eurisol driver) rf installed for 3 ma Duty cycle: 100% (cw), compatible with pulsed operation Beam losses below 1 W/m RF frequency: 352 MHz A/q 3 ions accelerated The driver construction will include two stages. In the first stage the proton injector and the main linac will be built. In the second stage, the ion injector will be built. RFQ RFQ 2gaps 176 MHz 4gaps cavity number 2 gaps Main linac 352 MHz
TRIPS TRASCO source developed at LNS RF off resonance, up to 80 ma
TRASCO RFQ (5 MeV, 30 ma) tuners wave guide RF loop vacuum ports wave guide RF loop techn. model coupling cells 7.13 m
Wave guides (1 LEP klystron and 8 power loops) RFQ beam
RFQ Test Model Coupler Flange Tuner Site coupler
RFQ construction In the 220 mm long technological model all construction steps have been tested First 1200 mm segment under construction
Proton Superconducting driver Moderate current, CW like heavy ion boosters...but... beam loading dominated
352 MHz solid state RF amplifiers 2.5 kw RF Amplifier 60% 30 50% 25 40% 20 Efficiency 30% 15 Gain Effic Gain 20% 10 10% 5 0% 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 RF out power [W] 2.5 kw prototype 330 W basic unit
100 MeV TRASCO linac Cryostat (4.5 K) Reentrant cavity tuning F 50 mm D Supercond =40 mm 4 βλ 280 mm 100 mm 4 βλ 140 mm Superferric qudrupole
Driver structure (Φ s =-30 0 ) TTF β 0 = 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 Main Linac transit time factor for protons 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.31 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 cavity number RFQ 4gaps 2 gaps TTF Energy [MeV] 125 100 75 50 25 0 E (MeV)
Cavities (352 MHz) Cavity type 4-gap 4-gap HWR HWR units β 0 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.31 n. of gap 4 4 2 2 E p / E a 3. 3. 4 4 H p /E a 102 87 95 106 Gauss/(MV/m) R s Q 45 62 54 66 Ω Eff. length 0.2 0.28 0.18 0.214 m Design E a 6 6 6 6 MV/m Design energy gain 1.2 1.7 1.08 1.284 MeV/q n. required 6 6 32 48
Ion Linac A/q<3 RFQ to be developed cw! Able to resist d induced activation! RFQ Energy Range 0.023 1.7 MeV/u Frequency 176 MHz Beam Current 3 ma Transmission 96 % Length 7.2 m (4.2 λ) Approx. RF power 500 kw Parameters of the SPES ion injector linac beam energy 18.5 MeV Beam current 3 ma Number of cavities 18 Approx. Length of the ISCL 7.5 m avg. cryogenic power in operatio 217 W total AC power in operation 201 kw LNL for CERN, 1994 RFQ 2gaps 176 MHz 4gaps 2 gaps cavity number Main linac 352 MHz
Linac acceptance injection 1.7 MeV/u 120 final MeV/q final MeV/u 100 Final Energy 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 M/q RFQ 176 MHz 2gaps 4gaps cavity number 2 gaps Main linac 352 MHz
Reacceleration with ALPI
SPES lay-out isobar separation Ion trap area RIBs production RIBs target Hot Cells breeder Ion source Reaccelerator RFQs Driver Linac RF and services BNCT treatment 100 meters Existing TANDEM-ALPI-PIAVE complex E S W N
COLD BOX ALPI EXPERIMENTAL HALL 3 SPES RIBs Low β, 80 MHz, full Nb. Medium β, 160 MHz, Nb/Cu or Pb/Cu. High β, 160 MHz Nb/Cu. beta0 Es upgraded ALPI for SRFQs MV/m ALPI (S PES ) 0.047 Low β QWR 4 (bulk Nb) 0 8 0.056 4 12 16 0.11 High β QWR 4 (Nb/Cu) 44 44 0.13 4 8 32 P I A V E EXPERIMENTAL HALLS 1, 2 RFQs
Injector Charge breeder (ECR or EBIS): from results of EU RTD Network a charge state +18 for Sn 132 is feasable. High resolution separator, either: ISAC like magnetic structure before the breeder Mixed magnetic TOF using the long transfer lines RFQ will accept A/q=10, three SRFQ Only the first RFQ needs important R&D (and could be normal conducting)
EBIS source BRIC developed at INFN Bari (Tested with low solenoid field) collector RFQ channel solenoid e-gun
Sn 132 +18 in ALPI (upto9.6mev/u) COLD BOX transit time factor TTF 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 Sn 132 +18 TTF Energy [kev/u] 15'000 13'000 11'000 9'000 7'000 5'000 3'000 1'000 0.00-1'000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 cavity number
Sn 132 +18 in ALPI with stripper (upto15.7mev/u) COLD BOX transit time factor 1.00 15'000 TTF 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 stripper Sn 132 +18 Sn 132 +38 13'000 11'000 9'000 7'000 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 TTF Energy [kev/u] 5'000 3'000 1'000 0.00-1'000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 cavity number
SPES building
SPES Building isobar separation Ion trap area RIBs production RIBs target Hot Cells breeder Ion source Reaccelerator RFQs Driver Linac RF and services BNCT treatment 100 meters Existing TANDEM-ALPI-PIAVE complex E S W N
A sled with light external structures, but with a floor sitting on a thick concrete bed in the regions where ionizing radiation is produced, so to exclude water contamination; The floor must be able to sustain a thick shielding walls, with the possibility to add concrete blocks. The building has to maintain the alignment of linac and beam lines. In a preliminary study it has been checked the feasibility of this solution, using in the central part of the building a linac tunnel 8 m wide and 4.6 m height, an 8 m thick concrete bed below the linac tunnel, 6 m lateral shielding and 5 m concrete roof. A core boring of the ground showed various layers of clay, silt and sand, with the water layer at 2.5 m from ground level. A specific proposal for the construction of the building under these geological conditions has been done. SPES Building
TRIUMF solution
Shielding the target area (100 MeV 30 ma)
Conclusions The facility will reach its physics goal making the maximum use of existing installations developed accelerators and other high technology components out come of already launched R&D programs In this sense, the need for R&D is minimized.
R&D In the immediate future, the R&D needs to be intensified, so to arrive to engineered and proven systems for all the components of SPES. The most relevant points are: 1. Completion of the RFQ 2. Construction of a prototype of Be converter (and possibly beam measurement at PSI) and development of C 13 targets. 3. UCx target development. 4. Construction of a ISCL cryomodule (HWR, ladder cavities) and related RF. 5. Development of the bunching RFQ for the reacceleration. 6. Charge breeder and isobar separation. 7. Waste management and safety. For ion acceleration there is need for an additional point, namely 8. Development of the 176 MHz RFQ for A/q=3 ions. These programs have to be implemented, making the best use of the resources of