World Geography Mid Term Review 2016 1.Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude run East and West. The zero-degree line is the Equator. Parallel to Equator Line of longitude run North and South. The zero-degree line is called the Prime Meridian. Perpendicular to Equator 2. Map Projections What is a cylindrical projection? What is a conic projection? What is a planar projection? 3. Tools of Geography A compass-rose shows directions on a map. A key defines symbols on a map. Geographers are useful for knowing where a good place to build new buildings. 4. 5 Themes of Geography 1. Location answers Where is it? 2. Place answers What is there? 3.Movement answers who are these people and how did they get there? 4.HEI answers what do we do the environment and what does it do to us? Management of natural resources is important, and advancements like desalination burns fossil fuels. 5.Region answers What does this place share with other places. 1
a. Formal regions = you know it when you leave it. Formal regions have boundaries. b. Formal regions can be both natural and. Examples c. Perceptual regions are based on. d. Functional regions perform a. 5. Internal External Forces Layers of the earth: Core, Mantle, Crust. The Core is the hottest. Plate Tectonics: a. Mountains are caused by Convergent Boundaries. b. Earthquakes are caused by Transform Boundary Weathering/ Erosion: a. Weathering affects the top layer of soil the most. b. Erosion causes deep gorges in the earth known as canyons. Created by water erosion Earth Sun Relations. a. We have seasons because of the earth's tilt on its axis. b. The land of the midnight sun is the polar/arctic regions. 6. Spheres of the Earth 1. Lithosphere Land= crust, continents, and ocean basins 2. Hydrosphere Water 3. Biosphere Life 4. Atmosphere Air In which sphere does air pollution occur? Atmosphere 2
In which sphere do earthquakes occur? Lithosphere What does the greenhouse effect do? Solar radiation that warms the Earth 7. Climate Climate = Typical weather LAMECOWS: Factors affecting climate L = latitude. The further from the equator the lower the temperature. A = Air Masses. The colder the air the dryer. The warmer the air the moist. Cold air from the poles and warm air from the tropics. M = Mountain Barrier. The windward sides of mountain ranges get rain. The backside (leeward sides are dry. E = Elevation. For every 1,000 feet higher in elevation the temperature decreases 3 degrees. Higher elevation= lower temperature C = Continentality. The further from the coast the more the temperature changes. O = Ocean Currents. Currents are of water in the ocean. La Nina is a Pacific Ocean current. La Nina is a Pacific Ocean current. The Gulf Stream is a Atlantic Ocean current. W = Winds. Regular winds blow across the globe. The windless area near the equator is known as the doldrums. S = Storms. Circular Atlantic Ocean storms are called hurricanes. In the Pacific and Indian Oceans, they are known as cyclones and typhoons. Culture: 1. Define the following terms: a. Cultural Diffusion: Spreading of knowledge, skills, and ideas from one group to another. (ex. McDonalds in China, similar architecture in different countries) 3
b. Globalization: Connections around the world increase, and culture becomes universal c. Culture Hearth: Center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward. Religion: 2. Using page 82 in the textbook, locate the following religions. Describe where each religion is located in the world. a. Judaism: Primarily found in Israel b. Islam: Primarily found in Northern Africa and the Middle East c. Sikhism: Northern India- isolated to this area 3. Describe the sacred sites and rituals in the following religions: a. Judaism: Jews participate in Passover and Yom Kippur. b. Christianity: Christians celebrate Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter (Holy Week). A sacred site is Bethlehem. c. Islam: Muslims take a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, this is one of the five pillars of Islam. Muslims also participate in Ramadan. Women in the traditional Islamic monarchy in Saudi Arabia must cover their bodies in public, and are limited educationally. 4. Define the following world religion vocabulary words, identify which of the major religions identify with the following terms. a. Monotheism: Belief in one God. Monotheistic Religions: Islam, Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism b. Polytheism: Belief in more than one god. Polytheistic Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism 4
c. Animism: The belief that spirits inhabit natural objects and forces of nature. d. Sect: A subdivision within a religion that has its own distinctive beliefs and/or practices Population Geography: 5. Define the following vocabulary words related to population geography: a. Birthrate: Number of births per year per 1000 people b. Death rate: Number of deaths per year per 1000 people c. Natural Increase: The growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate. d. Life expectancy: The average period that a person may expect to live e. Fertility rate: The average number of children that will be born to a woman in her lifetime. 6. Answer the following questions about population pyramids: a. What age group makes up the largest part of the population? 0-4 years Is this country growing, decreasing, or staying relatively the same in population? (circle the correct choice) 5
Growing. The country will need to be prepared for a large child population. b. What age group makes up the largest part of the population? 30-34 Is this country growing, decreasing, or staying relatively the same in population? (circle the correct choice) Staying relatively the same. c. What age group makes up the largest part of the population? 45-85 6
Is this country growing, decreasing, or staying relatively the same in population? (circle the correct choice) Decreasing Demographic Transition Model: 7. Fill in the blanks at the bottom of the demographic transition model. a. Levels of Development: 8. Define the following vocabulary words associated with levels of development: a. GDP: The value of goods and services produced within a country in a year Does a high GDP represent a developed or developing country? (circle the correct answer) b. GDP Per Capita: Value of goods and services produced in a year in a nation by an average person c. Literacy Rate: Percentage of people who are able to read and write d. Life Expectancy: The average length of a life 9. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow: (OECD= Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Includes US, UK, Australia, and most European Countries) 7
Economics: a. What countries are the MOST developed? OECD, Asia, and Latin America How can you tell? Low annual growth, low fertility rate, high literacy rate b. What countries are the LEAST developed? Africa, and South Asia How can you tell? c. Which category would you look at to determine what countries have the best education system? Literacy Rate d. What category would you look at to see what countries have the most developed economy? GDP- most regions now with a GDP of $2,000 or less were colonies of European powers. 10. Fill in the blanks for the following types of economic systems: a. Traditional Economy: i. Primarily _agricultural ii. People grow what they need iii. Children to the same_ jobs their parents /ancestors did. iv. subsistence agriculture and cottage industries. v. Found in rural and non- industrial areas. b. Free Enterprise: i. People own their own goods and property 8
ii. Limited government interference iii. People are free to produce whatever they want, and buy whatever they can afford. iv. People invest their money in hopes of making a _profit v. Driven by supply and demand c. Communism: d. Socialism: i. Created by Karl Marx in hopes of creating an equal society without social classes. ii. All economic decisions are made by the government/leaders. iii. Leaders decide what, how, and for whom goods are produced i. Government owns the most important businesses ii. Some private ownership of small business. iii. Essential services provided (free schooling, low-cost housing, and health care) 11. Answer the following questions about Trade Zones a. What does NAFTA stand for? North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement b. What does NAFTA create? (What type of zone?) A free trade zone between the countries of Canada, Mexico, and the United States c. What is NAFTA similar to? The European Union (EU) 12. Define the four levels of economic activities a. Primary: Involve gathering raw materials for immediate use or to use in the making of a final product b. Secondary: Use raw of materials to produce or manufacture something new c. Tertiary: 9
Provide services to people and businesses. d. Quaternary: Process and distribute information by highly trained personnel. 13. Apply your knowledge of the four levels of economic activities a. What countries are involved in primary economic activities? Sub-Saharan Africa b. What countries are involved in quaternary economic activities? OECD Countries 14. What is outsourcing? Why would this be beneficial for a company? Setting up businesses abroad, and paying employees from another country to do work that was once done in the United States. Benefits companies by giving them an inexpensive labor force. The United States: 15. Describe and identify the location of the following landforms: a. The Rocky Mountains: Mountain range that stretches from Canada into the western United States, and down to Mexico b. The Great Plains Flat landscape east of the Rocky Mountains. A drought would cause crops to fail in this region. c. The Everglades Located in Florida, they provide a habitat to a large variety of plants and animals. They need to be protected. 10
16. Answer the following questions about US manufacturing: a. What part of the United States was home to many factories? Why? Manufacturing belt- found in the Northeast region of the United States. Found near water, because the factories needed water to power the factories. b. What happened to the manufacturing region? Where did the people go? Jobs in manufacturing has declined since the 1950 s, and people are moving into the Sun Belt (southern United States) 17. Define the different Belts of the United States: a. Sun Belt Southern United States b. Rust Belt Area known for manufacturing. Northeast United States c. Wheat Belt Farming area where wheat is the main crop d. What do these all have in common? All economic regions of the United States 18. What is a major economic industry in the state of Texas? Texas and Alaska are the two states in the United States with the largest oil reserves. Migration and Immigration: 19. Fill in the blanks to the following notes about push and pull factors: a. Push Factors: i. Things that make you want to leave your country. 1. Religious/Ethnic persecution 2. Poor economy 3. war 4. Famine, drought, flood (ex. Irish potato famine) b. Pull Factors: i. Things that make you want to go to another country 11
1. Work 2. Freedom 3. Better way of life (ex. Jobs, schools, homes) Urbanization and Pollution: 20. Define the following terms associated with urbanization: a. Urbanization: The movement of people from rural to urban areas. A city can turn into a ghost town if the key industry is no longer needed and people move to another city. b. Urban: Cities c. Rural: Country d. Urban Sprawl: Growth of cities that results in scattered development; this increases traffic and takes away open spaces 21. List some of the negative affects urbanization has on the environment Increased pollution: smog, acid rain, clear-cutting 12