What is reactivity based on? What do all elements want to be happy? Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Sodium and Chlorine.
FORCES What is a chemical bond? The force that holds two atoms together
Between different molecules Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular Forces STRONGER Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Unequal sharing of Equal sharing of
Intramolecular Force (stronger) holds elements together to make compounds Intermolecular Force (weaker) holds molecules together to form solids, liquids, and gases
Intramolecular Force The force within a compound between atoms. Example: the bond between O and H in a H 2 O molecule
Example: the bond between Na and Cl in a NaCl molecules Na + Cl -
Between different molecules Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular Forces STRONGER Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Ionic Bond STRONGEST Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Unequal sharing of Equal sharing of
Ionic Bond (strongest) electrostatic attraction between a metal and nonmetal that involves a gain or loss of Covalent Bond between two nonmetals that involves a sharing of Metallic Bond between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of
Ion- charged elements When an atom loses a valence electron to another atom, it becomes a (+) ion. This is a CA+ION. When an atom accepts a valence electron from another atom, it becomes a (-) ion. This is an ANION.
Between different molecules Intermolecular Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intramolecular Forces Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Ionic Bond STRONGEST Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Cation Anion Unequal sharing of Equal sharing of
Between different molecules Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular Forces STRONGER Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Ionic Bond STRONGEST Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Unequal sharing of Equal sharing of
FULL OCTET
EXAMPLE Na Cl 7 valence e-
EXAMPLE 8 valence e- Na Cl Cation Na +1 Anion Cl -1
What is the difference between an intramolecular bond and intermolecular bond? What type of bond would form between Fluorine and Lithium? Why is Bromine more reactive than Aluminum?
Ca 2+
Ca 2+ S 2-
Shows the # of valence elecrons the atom has 2+ 1- What is the charge on Ca? What is the charge on F? How many atoms of Ca and F are needed? DROP AND SWITCH THE CHARGES
Ca 2+ F -1 Drop Ca 2 F 1 Switch CaF 2
1+ 3- Drop Na 1 N 3 Switch Na 3 N
1. # of valence in aluminum? 3 2. Change in for octet? Lose 3 e - 3. Ionic charge of aluminum? Al 3+
What type of bond will you have between Sodium and Nitrogen? What type of bond will you have between hydrogen and oxygen?
Sharing of H-H = H 2
Between different molecules Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular Forces STRONGER Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Ionic Bond STRONGEST Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Unequal sharing of Polar Nonpolar Equal sharing of
Polar Covalent Bond are unevenly shared; different EN values Nonpolar Covalent Bond are evenly shared; same or very close EN values
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract other atoms valence The more electronegative the atom, the stronger the attraction for Fluorine is the most electronegative atom on the periodic table
Fluorine the Flirt likes to attract other atoms valence Examples: H-F (polar) H-H (nonpolar)
The O atom pulls on the shared in each H causing a partial (+) charge on each H atom and partial ( ) charge on the O atom Why is O pulling the towards itself? O is more electronegative and attracts the unequal sharing of Why does water act like a magnet? Because the (+) attracts the (-)
Free floating among metals
Intermolecular Force The force between different molecules Example: an interstate highway runs between different states
Intramolecular Force Intermolecular Force
Intermolecular Force Intramolecular Force
Between different molecules Forces Within a compound (between elements) Intermolecular Forces Intramolecular Forces STRONGER Occurs in proteins When H bonds to N, O, F Disulfide Bonds Hydrogen Bond Nonmetal-Nonmetal Sharing of Metals Surrounding sea of Metal-Nonmetal Gain or loss of Ionic Bond STRONGEST Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Unequal sharing of Polar Nonpolar Equal sharing of
Hydrogen Bond when H bonds to N, O, or F o Important in DNA (genetic material), proteins, and water molecules Disulfide Bond occurs in proteins to ensure proper functioning and prevent destruction from extreme environments
Single bond Share one pair of Double bond Share two pairs of
Why do atoms form chemical bonds? How? To become more stable by losing, gaining, or sharing What does it mean when an atom is chemically unstable? It does not have a full octet of What does the octet rule state? The outermost energy level has 8 valence (full shell) What subatomic particle is involved in forming chemical bonds? Valence What is a molecule? Two or more elements chemically combined together How can the periodic table be used to determine the # of valence? Look at the group number (Transition Metals are different) How can the periodic table be used to determine the # of energy levels? Look at the period number Most matter is electrically neutral, why? The # of protons cancels out the # of