MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.1 (10 marks) date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is well labeled. fllwing keywrds: On additin f salt/ sugar the water level des nt change. fllwing keywrds: Particles f water have spaces between them. Particles f salt ccupy the spaces between the particles f water. fllwing keywrds: Matter is made up f particles. Particles f water have big spaces between them. Particles f salt are small enugh t fit int the spaces between the particles f water. Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.2 (8 marks) I have mentined the date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is well labeled. fllwing keywrds: With every dilutin the clur f ptassium permanganate in water becmes lighter. fllwing keywrds: A few crystals f ptassium permanganate can clur a large quantity f water. fllwing keywrds: Matter is made up f extremely small particles. There must be millins f tiny particles f ptassium permanganate in just ne crystal f ptassium permanganate.
Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.3 (16 marks) I have mentined the date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is well labeled. fllwing keywrds: I culd nt smell the unlit incense stick frm a distance. I culd smell the lighted incense stick frm a distance. fllwing keywrds: A burning incense stick releases fragrant smke. This smke cnsists f particles which have high kinetic energy. The smke particles with high kinetic energy travel thrugh the big spaces between the air particles. This intermixing f particles f smke and air is diffusin. Unlit incense sticks d nt have high energy fragrant smke particles. Hence we are nt able t smell them. fllwing keywrds: Particles f matter mve. Therefre, particles f matter pssess kinetic energy. Increase in temperature f matter causes its particles t mve faster. The kinetic energy f particles increases with increase in temperature. The rate f diffusin becmes higher with rise in temperature. 5 marks 5 marks
Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.4 (8 marks) date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is well labeled. fllwing keywrds: The ink diffuses at a faster rate than hney. fllwing keywrds: ink has very small slid particles disslved in water. hney has large particles held tgether by strng intermlecular frces f attractin. fllwing keywrds: Larger particles diffuse slwly while small particles diffuse faster. ACTIVITY 1.5 (1) Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin I have mentined the date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is fllwing keywrds: well labeled. fllwing keywrds: In water ptassium permanganate crystals first settle dwn and then slwly diffuse in the water. A dense purple slutin Ptassium permanganate diffuses faster in ht water than in cld water. Water mlecules are cntinuusly in mtin. The water mlecules cllide against the ptassium permanganate crystals and break them dwn int smaller particles. The smaller ptassium permanganate particles are able t mve faster. Due t the randm cntinuus mtin f water mlecules and ptassium permanganate particles diffusin finally takes place. In ht water the mlecules f water mve faster and have higher kinetic energy than in cld water. The high energy water mlecules cllide with the ptassium permanganate particles with mre energy. Hence diffusin is faster. fllwing keywrds: Particles f matter are in cntinuus mtin. Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy f the particles. Rate f diffusin becmes higher n heating. 4 marks
Date Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.7 (5 marks) date n which the experiment was perfrmed. NO DIAGRAM REQUIRED fllwing keywrds: It is easiest t break the chalk and mst difficult t break the irn nail. fllwing keywrds: The particles in the irn nail have the strngest frces f attractin between them. fllwing keywrds: Particles f matter have frces f attractin between them which hld them tgether. The strength f this frce f attractin between particles differs frm ne matter t anther. Date Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.8 (7 marks) date n which the experiment was perfrmed. NO DIAGRAM REQUIRED fllwing keywrds: It is easy t break the stream f water with ne s fingers. The stream f water rejins nce we remve ur fingers. fllwing keywrds: The particles f water are lsely packed hence ir is easy t break the stream f water. The water stream rejins due t the frces f attractin between the particles f water. fllwing keywrds: Particles f matter attract each ther. Particles f water have large spaces between them.
Date Diagram Observatin Explanatin Cnclusin ACTIVITY 1.11 (7 marks) date n which the experiment was perfrmed. I have drawn a diagram. My diagram is neat. My diagram is well labeled. fllwing keywrds: It was easiest t push the pistn in the syringe which had nly air. fllwing keywrds: There are large spaces between the particles f air. fllwing keywrds: Slids and liquids cannt be cmpressed and they ccupy definite vlumes. Gases can be easily cmpressed due t the large spaces between their particles. Gases d nt have a definite vlume.
1. Which f the fllwing best describes a SOLID? MCQs Particle Mdel f slids, Liquids and Gases fills cntainer, takes shape f cntainer, flws easily, lw density definite vlume, definite shape, des nt readily flw, high density definite vlume, takes shape f cntainer, flws easily, high density fills cntainer, definite shape, des nt readily flw, lw density 2. The table shws the melting pints and biling pints f sme substances A t D. Which substance is a liquid at -10 C and a gas at 10 C? Melting Pint C and Biling Pint C -66 and 42-142 and -78-95 and 4 90 and 189 3. BOILING is the state change frm? liquid t gas gas t liquid liquid t slid slid t liquid 4. Air is in a bttle with a tight screw-tp. When the bttle becmes cler, the pressure inside decreases because the mlecules f air? mve faster mve slwer becme bigger becme smaller 5. The table belw shws the melting pints and biling pints f substances A t D. Which substance is suitable t use in a thermmeter that measures in the range -4 C t 50 C? Melting pint C (mpt), Biling Pint C (bpt) mpt = 0, bpt = 100 mpt = -110, bpt = 80 mpt = 40, bpt = 350 mpt = -200, bpt = 40
6. The diagram shws an experiment using a light clurless gas (air) and a heavier brwn clured gas (brmine r nitrgen dixide). The gases fully mix tgether because? all the gas particles can mve arund freely f cnvectin currents in the air the gases have different densities (ne is 'lighter' r 'heavier' than the ther) the air can sink int the clured gas and the clured gas can flat n air 7. The diagram shws an experiment using a light clurless gas (air) and a heavier brwn clured gas (brmine r nitrgen dixide). The gases spread arund in the gas jars by a prcess called? evapratin cndensatin diffusin sedimentatin 8. Which f the fllwing is the ppsite f evaprating? cndensing melting freezing biling 9. Which f the fllwing best EXPLAINS why liquids flw much mre easily than slids? liquid particles are lighter than slid particles liquid particle attractive frces are weaker than slid particle attractive frces liquid particles have mre energy than slid particles liquid particles can change shape mre easily than slid particles 10. CONDENSING is the state change frm? liquid t slid gas t liquid liquid t gas slid t liquid 11. Which describes sand? a liquid a gas difficult t classify simply as gas, liquid r slid
a slid 12. Starting with the slid, the graph shws the results f measuring the temperature f substance X as it was heated frm a lw t a high temperature. Which f the fllwing is TRUE? X is melting between times t0 and t1 X is biling between times t2 and t3 temperature TE1 is the melting pint f X X is cmpletely liquid between times t1 and t2 13. Which f the fllwing best describes what happens t the particles f water vapur when it cndenses? They lse energy and and are clser and less free t mve arund They gain energy and increase their freedm t mve withut significant attracti They lse energy and lse freedm t mve abut They gain energy and gain freedm t mve abut 14. Which f the fllwing best EXPLAINS why the liquid in a glass thermmeter expands with rise in temperature? the liquid particles get bigger expanding the liquid the glass cntracts frcing the liquid further up the tube the liquid particles gain mre energy and cllide mre frcefully the glass particles gain mre energy and push the liquid particles up the tube 15. Which f these is a gas? sand water rck xygen 16. Gases diffuse because they? have a lw density easily mve as cnvectin currents
are made f rapidly mving particles have lw biling pints 17. Which describes carbn dixide? a gas a liquid difficult t classify simply as gas, liquid r slid a slid 18. Water turning t a slid is called? freezing biling cndensing melting 19. The table shws the melting pints and biling pints f sme substances A t D. Which substance is a liquid at 20 C? Melting Pint C and Biling Pint C -142 and -78-95 and 4-66 and 42 90 and 189 20. Which f the fllwing best describes what happens t the particles f ice when it melts? They lse energy and lse freedm t mve abut They lse energy and escape int the atmsphere They gain energy and gain freedm t mve abut They gain energy and break up int atms f hydrgen and xy
THE THREE STATES OF MATTER GAS-LIQUID-SOLID PARTICLE THEORY MODELS 1. Particle mdel f gases A gas has n fixed shape r vlume, but always spreads ut t fill any cntainer. There are almst n frces f attractin between the particles s they are cmpletely free f each ther. The particles are widely spaced and scattered at randm thrughut the cntainer s there is n rder in the system. The particles mve rapidly in all directins, frequently clliding with each ther and the side f the cntainer. With increase in temperature, the particles mve faster as they gain kinetic energy. Using the particle mdel t explain the prperties f a Gas Gases have a very lw density ( light ) because the particles are s spaced ut in the cntainer (density = mass / vlume). Density rder: slid > liquid >>> gases Gases flw freely because there are n effective frces f attractin between the gaseus particles - mlecules. Ease f flw rder: gases > liquids >>> slids (n real flw in slid unless yu pwder it!) Because f this gases and liquids are described as fluids. Gases have n surface, and n fixed shape r vlume, and because f lack f particle attractin, they always spread ut and fill any cntainer (s gas vlume = cntainer vlume). Gases are readily cmpressed because f the empty space between the particles. Gas pressure Ease f cmpressin rder: gases >>> liquids > slids (almst impssible t cmpress a slid) When a gas is cnfined in a cntainer the particles will cause and exert a gas pressure which is measured in atmspheres (atm) r Pascals (Pa = N/m 2 ) - pressure is frce/area n which frce is exerted. The gas pressure is caused by the frce created by millins f impacts f the tiny individual gas particles n the sides f a cntainer. Fr example - if the number f gaseus particles in a cntainer is dubled, the gas pressure is dubled because dubling the number f mlecules dubles the number f impacts n the side f the cntainer s the ttal impact frce per unit area is als dubled.
This dubling f the particle impacts dubling the pressure is pictured in the tw diagrams belw. 2 x particles ===> P x 2 If the vlume f a sealed cntainer is kept cnstant and the gas inside is heated t a higher temperature, the gas pressure increases. The reasn fr this is that as the particles are heated they gain kinetic energy and n average mve faster. Therefre they will cllide with the sides f the cntainer with a greater frce f impact, s increasing the pressure. DIFFUSION in Gases: The natural rapid and randm mvement f the particles in all directins means that gases readily spread r diffuse. Diffusin is faster in gases than liquids where there is mre space fr them t mve (experiment illustrated belw) and diffusin is negligible in slids due t the clse packing f the particles. Diffusin is respnsible fr the spread f durs even withut any air disturbance e.g. use f perfume, pening a jar f cffee r the smell f petrl arund a garage. The rate f diffusin increases with increase in temperature as the particles gain kinetic energy and mve faster. Other evidence fr randm particle mvement including diffusin: When smke particles are viewed under a micrscpe they appear t 'dance arund' when illuminated with a light beam at 90 t the viewing directin. This is because the smke particles shw up by reflected light and 'dance' due t the millins f randm hits frm the fast mving air mlecules. This is called 'Brwnian mtin' (see belw in liquids). At any given instant f time, the hits will nt be even, s the smke particle get a greater bashing in a randm directin.
2. Particle mdel f Liquids A liquid has a fixed vlume at a given temperature but its shape is that f the cntainer which hlds the liquid. There are much greater frces f attractin between the particles in a liquid cmpared t gases, but nt quite as much as in slids. Particles quite clse tgether but still arranged at randm thrughut the cntainer, there is a little clse range rder as yu can get clumps f particles clinging tgether temprarily. Particles mving rapidly in all directins but mre frequently cllisins with each ther than in gases due t shrter distances between particles. With increase in temperature, the particles mve faster as they gain kinetic energy, s increased cllisin rates, increased cllisin energy and increased rate f diffusin. Using the particle mdel t explain the prperties f a Liquid Liquids have a much greater density than gases ( heavier ) because the particles are much clser tgether because f the attractive frces. Mst liquids are just a little less dense than when they are slid Water is a curius exceptin t this general rule, which is why ice flats n water. Liquids usually flw freely despite the frces f attractin between the particles but liquids are nt as fluid as gases. Nte 'sticky' r viscus liquids have much strnger attractive frces between the mlecules BUT nt strng enugh t frm a slid. Liquids have a surface, and a fixed vlume (at a particular temperature) because f the increased particle attractin, but the shape is nt fixed and is merely that f the cntainer itself. Liquids seem t have a very weak 'skin' surface effect which is caused by the bulk mlecules attracting the surface mlecules disprprtinately. Liquids are nt readily cmpressed because there is s little empty space between the particles, s increase in pressure has nly a tiny effect n the vlume f a slid, and yu need a huge increase in pressure t see any real cntractin in the vlume f a liquid. Liquids will expand n heating but nthing like as much as gases because f the greater particle attractin restricting the expansin (will cntract n cling). Nte: When heated, the liquid particles gain kinetic energy and hit the sides f the cntainer mre frequently, and mre significantly, they hit with a greater frce, s in a sealed cntainer the pressure prduced can be cnsiderable!
The natural rapid and randm mvement f the particles means that liquids spread r diffuse. Diffusin is much slwer in liquids cmpared t gases because there is less space fr the particles t mve in and mre blcking cllisins happen. Just drpping lumps/granules/pwder f a sluble slid (preferably clured!) will resulting in a disslving fllwed by an bservable diffusin effect. Again, the net flw f disslved particles will be frm a higher cncentratin t a lwer cncentratin until the cncentratin is unifrm thrughut the cntainer. Diffusin in liquids - evidence fr randm particle mvement in liquids: If clured crystals f e.g. the highly clured salt crystals f ptassium permanganate are drpped int a beaker f water and cvered at rm temperature. Despite the lack f mixing due t shaking r cnvectin currents frm a heat surce etc. the bright purple clur f the disslving salt slwly spreads thrughut all f the liquid but it is much slwer than the gas experiment described abve because f the much greater density f particles slwing the spreading due t clse prximity cllisins. The same thing happens with drpping cpper sulphate crystals (blue, s bservable) r cffee granules int water and just leaving the mixture t stand.
Particle mdel f Slids A slid has a fixed vlume and shape at a particular temperature unless physically subjected t sme frce. The greatest frces f attractin are between the particles in a slid and they pack tgether as tightly as pssible in a neat and rdered arrangement. The particles are t strngly held tgether t allw mvement frm place t place but the particles vibrate abut their psitin in the structure. With increase in temperature, the particles vibrate faster and mre strngly as they gain kinetic energy. Using the particle mdel t explain the prperties f a Slid Slids have the greatest density ( heaviest ) because the particles are clsest tgether. Slids cannt flw freely like gases r liquids because the particles are strngly held in fixed psitins. Slids have a fixed surface and vlume (at a particular temperature) because f the strng particle attractin. Slids are extremely difficult t cmpress because there is n real empty space between the particles, s increase in pressure has virtually n effect n the vlume f a slid. Slids will expand a little n heating but nthing like as much as liquids because f the greater particle attractin restricting the expansin and cntractin ccurs n cling. The expansin is caused by the increased energy f particle vibratin, frcing them further apart causing an increase in vlume and crrespnding decrease in density. Diffusin is almst impssible in slids because the particles are t clsely packed and strngly held tgether with n empty space fr particles t mve thrugh.