Electrical Resistivity Changes with Neutron Irradiation and Implications for W Stabilizing Shells L. El-Guebaly Fusion Technology Institute University of Wisconsin-Madison With input from: C. Kessel (PPPL) ARIES Project Meeting Bethesda, MD July 29-3, 21
Why Tungsten Shell? W Potential Locations for W Stabilizing Shells 8 cm OB Blanket SOL 3.8 cm FW Blanket-I Blanket-II 5 cm Back Wall Al Fe Cu W Kink Shell W Vertical Stabilizing Shell Per Kessel: (Shell thickness (in cm) / Resistivity (in Ohm.cm) ) > 15, Tungsten: preferred material for ARIES stabilizing shells: Reasonable resistivity (ρ) and shell thickness (~.8 cm for ρ= 5.4 micro Ohm.cm @ RT) High temperature operation (8-12 o C) No active cooling radiate heat to surrounding blanket and shield simple shell design. Impact on tritium breeding depends on shell location within blanket. 2
Concerns W resistivity increases with: Temperature Neutron irradiation. Higher resistivity means thicker stabilizing shell. Concerns: Impact on TBR Temperature gradient within shell Thermal stresses Feasibility of radiative cooling? 3
Unirradiated W: Variation of Resistivity with Temperature * Ref: M. Billone s memo to ARIES Team on Electrical Resistivity of Tungsten, (5/27/1996). Available at: http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/lib/props/w.html Electric resistivity of unirradiated W is well established. W resistivity (in micro Ohm.cm): ρ W = 4.8 (1 + 4.8297e-3 T + 1.1663e-6 T 2 ) for 25 o C < T < 625 o C 15 Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 1 5 W ARIES 2 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C) 4 At 1 o C, ρ W increases 6 times, requiring ~.5 cm thick W shell (>.8 cm thick shell at RT).
Tungsten Composition Changes with Neutron Irradiation Some W atoms transmute into Re, Ta, Os, and other radioisotopes (see my 5/21 presentation). Transmutation level depends on irradiation time and neutron spectrum (hard near FW or soft behind blanket). Example of W transmutations: W armor of ARIES divertor : > 9% of W Transmutation Products < 1% of W Transmutation Products Atomic Density (1 19 atoms/cm 3 ) 2 15 1 Divertor Armor Re-185 Ta-181 5 Re-187 Os-186 5 1 15 2 25 Fluence (MWy/m 2 ) Atomic Density (1 19 atom/cm 3 ) 5 Hf-18 Os-188 Divertor Armor W-181 4 W-185 Ta-18m 3 H Hf-179 2 Re-186m Os-187 1 Ta-182 He Re-184 5 1 15 2 25 Fluence (MWy/m 2 ) Main transmutation products (Re, Ta, and Os) will increase W electrical resistivity further, requiring thicker W shell. 5
Variation of Resistivity of Transmutation Products with Temperature * Refs.: 1- M. Billone s memo to ARIES Team on Electrical Resistivity of Tungsten, (5/27/1996). Available at: http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/lib/props/w.html 2- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - 66 th Edition (1985-1986). W, Re, Os, Ta resistivities (in micro Ohm.cm): W ρ W = 4.8 (1 + 4.8297e-3 T + 1.1663e-6 T 2 ) for 25 o C < T < 625 o C Re ρ Re = 17.7 (1 + 4.5585e-3 T + 1.2447e-6 T 2 ) for 25 o C < T < 9 o C Os ρ Os = 9.49 (1 + 4.425e-3 T) for o C < T < 1 o C Ta ρ Ta = 12.45 (1 + 3.83e-3 T) - Ref. 2 - for 25 o C < T < 1 o C Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 15 1 5 Re Ta Os Note errors in Billone s memo: marked in red W and Re exhibit parabolic variations with temperature. Linear variations assumed for Ta and Os at T > 1 o C. Parabolic variation yields higher resistivity. ARIES W 2 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C) 6 Q: How much Re, Ta, and Os in W shell?
Potential Locations for Kink Shell (discrete toroidally) >2 Gap Skeleton Ring 2 5 cm BW W Shell-I 3.8 cm FW SOL Plasma Ave. OB NWL ~ 4 MW/m2 W Shell-II 8 cm OB Blanket 5 3 3 27 3 Coil Case Two lifetimes considered: 3.4 FPY and 4 FPY. Coil Case Gap Two locations examined for W shells in ARIES-DB: I-.5 cm thick W shell behind OB FW II-.5 cm thick W shell between OB blanket segments. Vacuum Vessel Winding Pack Re, Ta, Os Atomic Fractions Estimated using ALARA Activation Code Kappa = 2.2 Kappa = 1.8 Potential Locations for Vertical Stabilizing Shell (continuous toroidally) 7
Transmutation Products in ARIES-DB W Shell 2 W Shell-I Behind FW 2 W Shell-II Between Blanket Segments Atomic Fraction (%) 15 1 5 Os Re Ta Atomic Fraction (%) 15 1 5 Re Os 1 2 3 4 5 W Shell-I Lifetime (FPY) Ta 1 2 3 4 5 W Shell-II Lifetime (FPY) W Shell-I (behind FW) generates highest transmutation products. Transmutation products build up with irradiation time. 8
Change of W Electrical Resistivity with Transmutation Products Experimental data for irradiated W with 14 MeV neutrons does not exist. Per Billone, electrical resistivity of irradiated W can be estimated by law of mixtures: ρ = f W ρ W + f Re ρ Re + f Ta ρ Ta + f Os ρ os where f = atomic fraction. 9
Change of W Shell Resistivity with Irradiation and Temperature W Shell-I behind OB FW W Shell-II between OB Blanket Segments W Shell-I Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 5 4 3 2 1 Unirradiated W @ RT 4 FPY 3.4 FPY Unirradiated W @ 5-1 oc W Shell-II Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 5 4 3 2 1 Unirradiated W @ RT 4 FPY 3.4 FPY Unirradiated W @ 5-1 oc 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C) 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C) 1
Impact of Change in W Resistivity on W Shell Thickness Δ shell = 15, ρ shell W Shell-I behind OB FW W Shell-II between OB Blanket Segments.8.8 W Shell-I Thickness (cm).6.4.2 Unirradiated W @ RT 4 FPY 3.4 FPY Unirradiated W @ 5-1 oc W Shell-II Thickness (cm).6.4.2 Unirradiated W @ RT 4 FPY 3.4 FPY Unirradiated W @ 5-1 oc. 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C). 4 6 8 1 12 Temperature ( o C) 11
Could LiPb Serve as Stabilizing Shell? At 7 o C, ρ LiPb ~15 micro Ohm.cm* 2-3 cm LiPb LiPb Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 17 16 15 14 13 Liquid LiPb 235 oc < T < 11 oc 12 2 4 6 8 1 Temperature (oc) LiPb Resistivity (micro Ohm.cm) 14 12 1 8 6 4 Liquid LiPb 58 K < T < 933 K Solid LiPb 293 K < T < 58 K 2 4 6 8 1 Temperature (K) Options: Encase 2-3 cm thick LiPb in FS structure to serve as stabilizing shell Cool FS structure with He to remove nuclear heating Place LiPb Kink shell behind FW to enhance physics T removal in batch process Flowing LiPb? Start with solid LiPb? UW experimental Na loop at Forest s lab could assess feasibility. * U.Jauch, G.Haase, B.Schulz, Thermophysical properties of Li(17)Pb(83) eutectic alloy, KFK 4144 (1986). 12
Conclusions W shell thickness should reflect change in resistivity with temperature and irradiation. Change due temperature is dominent. Kink shell behind FW offers physics advantages, but exhibits largest change in resistivity. TBD: Impact of shell on ARIES-DB TBR. Need location and thickness of both shells. Q: Could 2-3 cm LiPb encased in FS structure serve as stabilizing shell? 13