ACD2503 Aircraft Aerodynamics Session delivered by: Prof. M. D. Deshpande 1
Aims and Summary PEMP It is intended dto prepare students for participation i i in the design process of an aircraft and its components. In this module, students are given an understanding of the basics of fluid flow and its role in aircraft performance. They will be trained to make a distinction between viscous & inviscid flows; between compressible & incompressible flows; between rotational & irrotational flows; between laminar & turbulent flows and be in a position to appreciate their role in aircraft aerodynamics. They will be taught Thin airfoil theory, Lifting line theory, Panel methods and their application to determine the performance characteristics of wings and non-lifting bodies. They should be able to describe the effect of wing geometry and its placement; control surface geometry and their placement, High-Lift and control devices, Flaps. LE Slats, Ailerons etc. They should be able to estimate other flow parameters like Reynolds number and Mach number on the performance of wings and aircraft. They should be able to quantify other relevant flow phenomenon like flow separation, induced drag and flow transition. 2
Module Learning Objectives After undergoing this module, students should be able to: Demonstrate t the use of fdimensional i analysis to estimate t the parameters involved in a physical problem and apply it to wind tunnel testing Critically distinguish i between viscous & inviscidi idflows; between compressible & incompressible flows; between rotational & irrotational flows; between laminar & turbulent flows and be in a position to make a suitable choice in aircraft aerodynamic flows Apply thin airfoil theory, lifting line theory, panel methods to determine the performance characteristics of wings and non- lifting bodies Explain critically the effect of wing geometry and its placement; control surface geometry and their placement other flow parameters like Reynolds number and Mach number on the performance of wings and aircraft 3
Class Room Lectures Indicative contents 1. Fluid Properties, Standard atmosphere, Viscosity 2. Force on a body moving through a fluid; Dimensional Analysis 3. Kinematics of Fluid Motion; Mass Conservation Equation, Incompressible flow, Stream function, Vorticity and Circulation; Irrotational flow, Stokes theorem; Point, Line and sheet vortices, Biot- Savart Law, Helmholtz vortex theorems 4. Dynamics of Fluid Motion, Euler Equation, Bernoulli Theorem, Introduction to Viscous Flows, The Navier-Stokes Equations; Flow Transition and Turbulence 5. The Flow about a Body; Superposition of Flows; Source, Sink, Doublet, Vortex flows; Force on a cylinder with Circulation, Kutta-Joukowski Theorem, Kutta Condition 6. The Thin Airfoil Theory; Symmetrical and Cambered airfoil; Flapped Airfoil 7. Finite Wing; Horseshoe vortex; Downwash and Induced Drag; Elliptical Lift Distribution; ib i The Twisted Wing; Stability and Trim PEMP 4
Teaching and learning methods a. Face to face lectures from a module leader. [~30% of module time] 36 hours b. Visit to a Wind-tunnel facility and developing a technical report [~ 25% of module time] 30 hours c. Reading, Research, Examination, Assignment Solving and Documentation [~ 45% of module time] 54 hours 5
Evaluation Examination: 50% Weightage Assignment: 50% Weightage g 6
Module Resources Module Notes (The module notes are prepared mainly using the first references, Ilan Kroo and Kuethe & Chow, listed below.) Reference Books and Articles: 1. Ilan Kroo (27) Applied Aerodynamics: A digital Textbook. Desktop Aeronautics, Inc. 2. A.M. Kuethe and C-Y. Chow (1998) Foundations of Aerodynamics, 5th edition, Wiley. 3. Houghton, E.L. & Carpenter,P.W.(25) Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, Elsevier. 4. John Davis Anderson (1991) Fundamentals of faerodynamics, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill. 5. Chanute, O. (1894) Progress in Flying Machines, The American Engineer and Railroad Journal, N.Y. 6. Lilienthal, O. (1911) Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, first published in German 1889, translation published by Longmans, Green, & Co., London 1911. 7. Schlichting, H. (23) Boundary Layer Theory, 8 th edition, McGraw-Hill. PEMP 7
Reference Books and Articles (Contd): 8. Karamcheti, K. (1966) Principles of Ideal-Fluid Aerodynamics, J. Wiley & Sons,Inc. 9. Thwaites, B., ed. (1960) Incompressible Aerodynamics, Oxford. 10. Katz, J., Plotkin, A. (1991) Low-Speed Aerodynamics: From Wing Theory to Panel Methods, McGraw-Hill. 11. Jones, R.T. (1990) Wing Theory. Princeton Univ. Press. 12. Lissaman, P. (1983) Low Reynolds Number Airfoils. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol. 15:223-239. 13. McMasters, J., Henderson, M. (1979) Low-Speed Single-Element Airfoil Synthesis, in Science and Technology of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, NASA CP 2085. 14. Shevell, R.S. (1983) Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice-Hall. 15. Abbott, I., Von Doenhoff, A. (1959) Theory of Wing Sections, McGraw Hill, 1949, Dover Edition. 8
Reference Books and Articles (Contd): 16. Smith, A.M.O. (1974) High-Lift Aerodynamics, AIAA No. 74-939, Wright Brothers Lecture, August 1974. 17. Bauer, F., Garabedian, P., Korn, D., Jameson, A. (1975) Supercritical Wing Sections II, Sringer-Verlag, Berlin. 18. Whitcomb, R.T. (1974) "Review of NASA Supercritical Airfoils, " ICAS 74-10, August 1974. 19. Liebeck, R. (1990) Subsonic Airfoil Design, in Applied Computational Aerodynamics, Henne, P. (ed.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 125, AIAA. 20. Drela, M., Elements of Airfoil Design Methodology, in Applied Computational Aerodynamics, Henne, P. (ed.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 125, AIAA, 1990. 21. Carmichael, B.H. (1981) Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Survey, NASA CR 165803, 1981. 9
Reference Books and Articles (Contd): 22. Selig, M.S., Donovan, J.F., Fraser, D. (1989) Airfoils at Low Speeds, SoarTech 8, published by Herk Stokely, Virginia Beach, VA 23451. 23. Moran, J. (1984) An Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics, Wiley. 24. Van Dyke, M. (1982) An Album of Fluid Motion, Parabolic Press. 25. Ashley, H., Landahl, M. (1985) Aerodynamics of Wings and Bodies, Addison-Wesley, 1965, also Dover Edition. 26. 10
Module Delivery Theory --- Prof. M.D. Deshpande --- Mr. M. Sivapragasam Practice --- Mr. M. Sivapragasam 11
Thank you 12