Name Period Chapter 6-1 Chromosomes Final Exam Study Guide 1. What are chromosomes? How many do we have? 2. What is an autosome and how many pairs do we have? 3. What are sex chromosomes and how many pairs do we have? 4. What are the sex chromosomes of a female? Of a male? 5. What is a gamete? What are they called in females? In males? 6. What do the terms haploid and diploid mean? What symbol do we use to represent each? 4. What is a karyotype and how can it be used to determine if someone has Down syndrome? Chapter 3: Cell Structure 5. Review the different types of microscopes and their uses. Review the parts and functions of a microscope. How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope? 6. State the 3 parts of the cell theory.
7. Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Give an example of each. Prokaryote 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. Ex: Ex: Eukaryote 8. Know the following cell parts and their functions for both multiple choice and essay questions. a. cell membrane: b. nucleus: c. vacuole: d. chloroplast: e. cytoplasm: f. DNA: g. ribosomes: h. mitochondrion: i. cell wall: Chapter 6: Section 2 the Cell Cycle and Section 3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis 9. What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle? List them in order and briefly describe what happens in each stage.
10. What is a checkpoint and what is its purpose? Name the 3 checkpoints and the purpose they serve. 11. What are the 4 phases of mitosis? List them in order and briefly describe what happens in each stage. KNOW THE PICTURES OF THE STAGES!! Chapter 7 Meiosis 12. What 4 things give rise to variation within a species? 13. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
14. Complete the following diagrams of the processes of cell division in humans, also label each process. Process: Process: 15. Compare mitosis and meiosis. HUMAN Mitosis Meiosis Number of chromosomes present Number of divisions Number of cells produced Cells produced: same as parent cell or unique Cells produced: diploid or haploid 16. What are 3 different ways asexual reproduction occurs? 17. What is nondisjunction and what is the result of it? Chapter 4: Cells and Their Environment 18. What is diffusion? What is osmosis? Give examples of each type of transport.
19. How do passive and active transport differ? Give examples of each type of transport. *Be sure to review your cell membrane coloring worksheet and the types of membrane proteins and their functions. Chapter 5: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 20. What is ATP? 21. What is photosynthesis? Where does it take place? What is the principal pigment? What are the reactants? What are the end products of photosynthesis? Briefly describe the 3 stages. 22. What is cellular respiration? Where does it take place? What are the reactants? What are the products? 23. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Which produces more energy in the form of ATP?
24. Briefly describe the stages of aerobic respiration. 25. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? In which types of organisms do they occur? What are the end products of each? Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life 26. Define atom. 27. What are the parts of an atom, where are each of the parts found and what charge do each of the parts have? 28. Differentiate between a covalent bond and an ionic bond. 29. Define molecule and polar molecule. Give an example of each. 30. What is a solvent? What is the universal solvent?
31. What is an acid and what is a base? What values on the ph scale determine whether a substance is an acid, a base or neutral? 32. Complete the chart below identifying the 4 macromolecules, their building blocks, polymers and the function they play in living organisms. Macromolecules Monomers (Molecules that make up the macromolecule) Polymers (Examples of the different types of macromolecules) Functions (Roles of the macromolecules in a living organism) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 33. What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme? What do they do?
34. What are the following indicators used to test for and what would indicate a positive result? a. Benedict s solution: b. Lugol s iodine: c. Biuret solution: d. BTB (Bromthymol blue): Complete the following short answer questions. 1. Choose one of the 4 organic compounds or macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids). Write down your choice here. 2. Now tell me what the building blocks are that make up the one you chose. What purposes or functions does this organic compound serve in the cell and / or body? Give specific example(s) of some of the polymers or larger compounds that are built from these building blocks. 2. What role do enzymes play in metabolism in your body? 3. Describe two differences between active transport and passive transport. Passive transport: Active transport: a. a. b. b. 4. How is the sex determined in a new zygote?