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Thm K L C [ˈmɛːɪ.kɔ] jy T v F C R.
Thm K: f f y Th wy hm v wk b m by f h m hgh f Thm K h by y, g by Jh z Rg (1803-1858), Gm v wh v 1832. Th m b h ff bw h w m, b bw hm hm v. Th hgh m mg m f hm v, v v. I y g by yhzg b h hm v h wy hgh m. I f, by g y h f m f h v f m h b h v y h b y bg w hf h f. Th hq f mg wh m hgh mg h K h b g 1996 mk w h m h h w fm Shg Thá y h v. I, fm hghy, h m m f K hq, y bmg h h bg h hgh. K by f hgh h h g g f m w. O v, h hgh fm - h m m gh fm h m g fm. Ag h g f h fm h fm f h b k f fm h, f h mb f h fm. A h w m g fm fm w vh f K w h j wh g hghy. I fgm k m h m, b h m f vy w hv b h h h vy m wy f vg mg by hvg fm h h hgh : g. Th K hq, h, j hv h v f w g f hy m f h mm. v, h k f h h mhg bh hg m. Th v qy y by h h f Ozym f h f f h bk. Ozym f Egy hh Rm II gy wh h vy f w b h m. Th m fg h 1818 m Ozym by h Rm Egh Py Bh Shy (1792-1822). 1 T b, K h Rm, b h -m --f h k h hg f -g h mk h hv b y hgh by bh m f h v f hghy g h wh m bg. By vy hq hgh, h h f h j bkw. Ahgh h h y vg fm h my whh, g gh. S ggg h wk h m wy,, k y b h b b f. Thm K h f y hv h hq, b h h y hv. Ahgh q h m, m h wk h h Egh Dv Hky h 1980. Hwv, Hky b g m g by h v f m wh whh h wh. H P h h g g mwh g h vg f hgh Cbm. A w w b, K hg vg h wy wh g wh fg h v zz h h f y gh. v, Hky bj m (wmmg, h, Z g, bm,.) h mm m wh K gy. f f y 7
T h m K By g Thm K v h f h. Th bg h f hy h w g wh w / v y v h m y f gmg w m. y f h bg g wk f hmv h hy m q k f wm kwg. A h Eff Tw, h m v h h w h h b hv m h by g m h m f P fm whh m h y f m fm h y. 2 K bg h hgh vyg E, hghg h mk bg h Bbg G, h Rm Cm, h Ph, h Ahmb, ; mv A Am. I h U S h hgh h Bky Bg, h F I Bg, h L m, h Wh H. Th bg k wh hy. F h f h fm h m K f hm, v f h w h h gf by m,, hm bg mg mk / m. I h K wk h k k mb zz b hy gg h hghf vw vg bh vy y h mg f h h. W h fm h fgm h gh, fm h m bm by b, fm h m vg mm w hv f h. I 2006 Thm K w Cy hgh my h wh hy fm P- Cmb my m. H hgh h Pé (Nh f mkg m ) v wh gg g ghmy g. Ahgh K m hgh, h hgh h m h vy f Cy wh by h g y h w h fm b 1325 AD h. Th h g ffm K k A V Hmb (1769-1859) Jh z Rg (1802-1858), w Gm wh Pé b f my f gg. A h h K Cy hv h f h m ff f Pé. Sm hv v b b wh h v k by, Izíh, h v h g. K w vw f Pé m h h h 1418 g mk, fg h f h m, wh h h 2036 g, h hz h h mm vb. Tm h bw h w, h h wm, h hv, h f Pé h g h vw f zh. 3 Gv ym g f K wk, b g h f Pé y b h v. If w K wk h hg whh h bg w b, h f h Pym f h S h y f Thá w m f. H by h f h ym. Ahgh K hq m m, yg kgy m q g f vz. H f ym, 2026 g, f vw f h f fg h Av f h D. Th h w wy vw g h g f q b --k fm my h m vg. Thy ff h z f h g: y 89 h h 2426. Th f my h K hg h mgf f h hm. If h vw f h fm h hw h v f h ym wh h mb wh hv h, h/h y z h ff h v z f h. Th f f h w h m (.. h Pym f h S) b h w wk my ff. Th g m g g wh h b-v f h ym f h my f hy gf. Th f h ym h m m g mhz m f h h vy b yh h f m h I.. P gz gg h v h Lv m, P. I -Cmb m, h h f h ym w bby,, f vm; y b y wh v k. I m h K h f h ym. Th m h h - f h ym wh v. 4 Th q ym bv by h myy w. Whh h bf, y h h w f g v, f v Thá w b m wh hg. Ph h f ym my m vz h mk h w. I v f h G S f h U S h h - b hwg ym wh h g y f Pv hvg v. f h, mb wh mk h f h Pym f h S K w w m k f bg fm h. Th wh mk, by m mb ym fm h kkkk v h Av f h D. A m f hg h mm b b h W- h 2005 h vy f h bh f h G f w. K hgh w bg h mbm f h wh Chy. O L C é h h Bí N Sñ G. Bh f hm h f. Th h w b h fm h m f g m f h h g X T (Nh f O L h fy ) Qzó (Nh, f qz (fh) (k). X T m wh J Ch y. H h g f bh fy hmf gv h k f hmy. f f y 8 9
T h m K A m f h, vy y v w my fy k h w w by fy. Qzó, h h h, my, w, v. S h wh h w b mh, f f h w wh g. L Bí N Sñ G h myhgy wh g Ty, h - Cmb m h f h g Tz. I Ch myhgy h h bm h wh h k-k Vg y (L Ty) gy h hmb g J Dg Chz. Th H mhç ( Th G Ev ) v b hw 1531 h Vg y J Dg Ty k hm Nh. Wh J Dg h h Sh bh, Fy J Zmág, h k f f f h m. Th Vg h k J Dg gh fw h f h h v hgh w w. Wh J Dg w h, h f C, gh hm. Th Vg hf g hm h m (k). Wh Dg hm Bh Zmág, h w m, b h, h mg f h Vg f G my m h m. Ty h b f g gmg h mg f h Vg y h bm h m wy mg. Th -f-h- b wh h K m why f hghg w g by h h P Rmíz Váqz b h g. Cm 1976, h m v Ch h h w. Ev hgh y 1611 h Dm í Ló, 4h vy f, h f h Vg f G g wh f h Az g Tz, Nb-z wg w Ov Pz h, h, f m h w f m, hv fh y h Vg f G h N Ly. Th h m f b K wk h vy w mf h. A h fm by fm, wy h m k y f fm. C h f h P N, whh h h v w, h P B A, f h fmg (h,, m ). Th bg w mm by Pf Díz (1830-1915) w h f h hy-y h I h Am B (1863-1928). I w 1904 g h Pf, w by h m f h Rv, w fy m 1934 h g f h F. I bh bg K h k h hz v h g f hz v, wh h v h h hgh h wy h h hz h v. Th mgm gy h h h my my h wk h K bk w Dg W, mh h h f h P B A bg h f f h bg f. Th wvy hf h hw m m b y f h wh B A. Wh h P N, hwv, h g f mh. I, h mv P B A wy kg h b wmy f Cy h v w gmy gby. Am B w b f y h hgh by K: P C é. Dg h y f R, h bg b f f h yy h h w h h f b m k m v. K hgh h g f h mgf ff wh vh y mh h f h C Ch (Nh f gh h ). I h, K hgh Em C bm. F b 1785 by Sh Vy B Gávz, h bg w m 1864 bm h hm f y : H Im Ry Hgh F m Jh, P Im Ahk f A, P Ry f Hgy Bhm, Em m I f (1832-1867), P Ch Amé Ag V Cém Lé f Bgm, b kw Am Em C f (1840-1927). I my b m, h mh f Cy h b b f h P Rfm (fmy, P Emz, f C); my, h mm wh ff m Cm I. I y m E Ag I f h 6.7 m- f Wg Vy by I E A h w. Th v- fm bz v g h w h gh h (ymb f vy) bk h h f (ymb f b). Dg h 1957 hqk h f ff h m bk v. Af y wk, Jé Fáz Ub. Th hb Ag h bm h yg f mh b f fb v. K -k f h m fm h h m h m h g f m, h w wh hm v my fh m. Of h my m h mk Cy, h m f h Uv N Aóm é (UNA) h f fm. Th h m m h f. B v y gh m hk by h X v w h y g, h m f h vy w g by UNESCO W Hg 2005. B kw my C.U. (C Uv), g wk f fm h wh v b bg, g, v f f y 10 11
T h m K w. K f h ff h UNA Bb C, h- b bg h gmy h h Kb h G q f h vw y wh fg. Th f w f h Bb C y m by J O Gm bg Az Sh mf gh wh h -f-m f h vy. O g, K h w f h bg; 57 g h h 1820 g. I K Bb y h h h, b h f h m f gvg h f y k. I h K h hv hgh E m Rvó wh hg hgh b f h vy vy h by Ph V Em Z w hgg fm. Th h-gg bg h Pz Rúb w mm by Pf Díz h Fh h Ém B wh h h w v h gv. I w 1910, h y h v f f h m f v wy y v g h k m f bg m. O g h vy f Kg Ozym m m m h m h f h j f E h. I, g vy m C Obgó S h h bg h h h Rv. Th h bg w m bw h y 1933 1938. Cy Rvó mm h h h mb f v wh gy m w g k : F, V Cz, F Ph V, P Eí C, Láz C. Sm f h m hbk h b h K hgh. Cy, y h mm h g z v v k ; mg whh Tg, m fv f m mm. Wh h T Lmé w m 1956, w h bg é h 45h h w. y h fy ky h b m g. B g, L Af Zv, fm y y h w b b wh h wk f h h gh f hy m. Th bg w y y 1957 wh w by mj hqk. I wh h gh h. Th gg w g Aw f fm h Am I f S C f bg h bg v hg m f. A v g hqk hg h T Lmé 1985. Af Zv w h 25h f ff h mm f h hqk w b f h mvm h bg w hgh h ww h f my bg h y. Dmy hgh hw h h mm f h my bg k k m f K g bg. Ahgh h 1985 hqk y m 400 bg mg 3,000, h f Ozym w bf h T Lmé, whh w mg. 5 Th g f h fv T Sé bg h m m h h T Lmé w m. Th w w gy b v mh hgh h h h w y b. Th w b 200 m hgh bg bg y 52 m hgh. Thy w b j h w h f h y w h bb. Sé w f h my m ghbh h k w f h b w. Ahgh h h Gz ffy wh h hh f h w vy j -ffy w h w-w h L Bgá Jú Chh Ry F. A f, Gz w hm b y h f g, b gv h fm v ff. H h h bv my b,, yw wh. K vy v f h w h m g f h wk. Ry (1963) v by Ag w J Cáz h my my b v. 6 Ch 68 f Ry wh my b h vb, jv, w Cáz hmf gy v. Hwv, h mg v h fm g y wh gg. Th y wh gg h m b kw gíg. K hq m Cáz gíg h my b f h h m my q. Nvh, h vw mk f h wh by mbg h y fwg h g b fm h/h mm /. Ag h jy Cy Thm K h f h f mgf q fgm fm m v h v my f m z f kw my. Amg h fgm h fm h UNA Bb C. I k, whh J O Gm m, v f h bm f my Am wh g g E. I P-Cmb k Cy h k h h fh h. Ahgh m h, J Jé Díz If Núñz, b h, O h k f h b f h k f. I k P h vg f bw h w h b m by gy h m h ymb, b f. Pg h k f y k w hv h y wy g f v h m whh hy gg, g E. K g fgm mh h h f g. F C R.,H, T f f y 12 13
E 1. Th 1918 m f Py Byh Shy : Ozym I m v fm q Wh : Tw v k g f S h. N hm h, Hf k, h vg, wh fw A wk f mm T h w h Whh y vv, m h f hg, Th h h mk hm h h h f. A h h w : y m Ozym, kg f kg: Lk my wk, y ghy,! Nhg b m: h y Of h wk, b b, Th v h f wy. 2. Th f h h Eff Tw y v m f m. Th f h w bg y h m f h 20h y. 3. Ahgh h m (m y) m fm h myh bv f h A g, m h. 4. P myy- bk h h g f h w g (Shm) : h://www.hwyh.m/t/-jy.hm 5. O Thy, Smb 19h, 1985 7:19 A m, Cy w k by hqk f mg 8.1 h Rh. Th f h hqk w ff h Pf f h f há, f 350 km, h C P b z. Ag ff gvm v 9,000 w k, 30,000 j, 100,000 f hm. 416 bg w y v 3,000 y mg f h hqk. Sm bv h h hv b hgh h h ff mb w y w by h h gvg P Rv I (PRI). 6. Ry (1963) by J Cáz-Ch 68, A h bg m h m, h m bg h, hy f hym, vg mb, g. Eh m h m h h, h bm g whg gm w f v fg h v, fg hw by h w j, w bm, b, hy w h k h m f gm whh fw f f. A w y h bgg b gh wy h h g, wg hm bg gy h f. N h hy fh h mhg k hm, j hm, mv hm. Sy w h, h f v f mk, h bbggg mh f h gm, h m f h mm hm g. Evh! Evh! V h f mm, hy f hmv b, m. Th k mb, h mm w, vyhg bm v f, m f g gz, m whh hm h m f h gmh. F C R.,. H bg h 1988 wg f E Cm (Lm); h h h b Phm (S F), A-N (m), Zz. m (), S (H), A (Nw Yk), h b. H bg f A mgz. H wk y h Sh A: Pv Phghy 1900-1930. S 1996 h h b f hghy S Gy (H) wh h h T h G: Th Phgh Wk f G B 1948-1951(1998), Th C f Bk Lgh: Th Phghy f Ab (2001),. H w f Th A f Rk / Th Rk f A (1999) S (C Img, 2004). H m v w Th S f P y (2008). S 1997 h w hgh wk h k h R f S. H wk w by Sh P Bgá h bk Th A Cm (2003). H hb Th Igy f C (2004) - hb h Lhgh Uvy wb. H wk h m f h H m f F A, Th Dg B C (Nw Yk), Lhgh Uvy (Pyv), A (Lm), h Hy Rm C,. H y v H mmb f h b f FF f h vy b f h H C f Phghy. F C R 14 15
j y 16 17
m I h k f h h mhg bh hg m. H 18
20 Wh h P N, hwv, h g f mh. j y P N
22 Th wh h w b mh, f f h w wh g. m C
24 Th bg h f hy h w g wh w / v y v h m y f gmg w m. j y
26 F h f h fm h m K f hm, v f h w h h gf by m,, hm bg mg mk / m. m C B
28 Th T Sé w b j h w. h f h y w h bb j y L S
30 Th -f-h- b wh h K m why f hghg w g by h h P Rmíz Váqz b h g. m B 1
j y h Cm 1976, h m v Ch h w. B 2 32
34 Th wvy hf h hw m m b y f h wh B A. m B A
36 K -k f h m fm h h m h m h g f m, h w wh hm v my fh m. j y A g I
38 K f h ff h UNA Bb C, h- b bg h gmy h h Kb h G q f h vw y wh fg. m B b
40 Wh h T Lmé w m 1956, w h bg é h 45h h w. y h fy ky h b m g. j y T L
42 Th h m f b K wk h vy w mf h. A h fm by fm, wy h m k y f fm. m T q
44 Dg h y f R, h bg b f f h yy h h w h h f b m k m v. j y C
46 Th h-gg bg h Pz Rúb w mm by Pf Díz h Fh h Ém B wh h h w v h gv. m m R v
48 Gv ym g f K wk, b g h f Pé y b h v. j y P 1
50 Ahgh K m hgh, h hgh h m h vy f Cy wh by h g y h w h fm b 1325 AD h. m P 2
52 I -Cmb m, h h f h ym w bby,, f vm; y b y wh v k. I m h K h f h ym. j y T h h L L
54 Th q ym bv by h myy w. Whh h bf, y h h w f g v, f v Thá w b m wh hg m T h h E S
56 I h K wk h k k mb zz b hy gg h hghf vw vg bh vy y h mg f h h. j y C h
58 y f h bg g wk f hmv h hy m q k f wm kwg. m A g
60
T h m K 1966 B B, Gmy 1986 B Dg W Sy Sh, Dü 1989-1996 Dg gy; ; m; hy f y h Uvy f Sg 1996 Kk Aw f Yg Pf 2003-2004 Vg f f f hghy J-Lbg-Uvä Gß 2004 E mmb DGPh Gm Phgh A, Cg 2007-2008 Tgh Pb Uvy 2009 Aw f E, Pgy I Phghy Fv Pgy, Ch D f Dü Fh A Aw Dü h R Lv wk Sg 1966 Gb B 1986 Ab m Gymm m W, Dü 1989-1996 Sm K Szwhf Uvä Sg 1996 Kk Nhwh-Fö 2003-2004 Gf fü Küh Fgf J-Lbg-Uvä Gß 2004 Bfg Dh Ghf fü Phgh, DGPh 2007-2008 Lhfg fü Fgf m Fh K Uvä Pb 2009 Aw f E, Pgy I Phghy Fv, Pgy, Vkbk Ch 4. K K Dü Lb b Sg Ezg (Awh) / S S Ehb 2010 Dh Gmmm, Lh ECCO, B, B f G, Bkh A, Kö A G, Sg 2009 G P, Fkf Pgy I Fv fü Fgf, Pgy, Ch 2008 Th B Ahm, B, USA Sh Gy, Chg, USA Jh Cy Gy, H, USA K4 g, W D, Sbük G, üh 2006 Sh Ch Gy, L Ag, USA Ch Am Gy, Nw Yk 2005 G Img, Ah, Dämk G Ah B, B, B 2004 N Kv Gß 2003 Rbg & Kfm F A, Nw Yk, USA Ffgy @ T H, Cff, W 2002 Gff m f Phghy, Wh, USA S S E h b 2001 Säh G, Ih Säh G H S, Sg 62 63
S G E h b Agbgg (Awh) / S G Ehb 2009 170 Jh Fgf, Km- Fmm Lzg Em f Phghy, E hg Uvy Gy, USA 2008 A m y, Th A I f Chg, USA Fy & D, Ffgy, Cff, W 2007 Tw - I, Iy, I -, H Tw, Nw Yk, USA Thgh Pvkg - S Pvkg, Nh Gy, Gg, N 2006 R Aq, Th Dy A I, Dy, USA 2005 Nw Vw, R Aq Phghy, W A m, W, A, USA, Fz Cg, G, I 2004 v f FF 2002, FF, H, USA mm, SF Cmwk, S F, USA P Tgh: Phmg fm h C, Th A I f Chg, USA A & Ah 1900-2000, Pzz D, G, I 2003 N, Th Nw A Gy W, Gßb 2002 V h, é Gb, Fkh gf / gh K, Thm k Hh, Hb v Am: Dh. Bk h Dß. Sg: Vg m. A. Pff + O. Hmh gb 1998 K, Thm Gh Güh: 11-Lh-Ab. Gmmbh: B-G-H 2000 K, Thm Gh Güh: m. Bkh A, R D (Hgg.). Kö, Ih: Dkh Lh GmbH 2001 K, Thm A.D. Cm, Chh Ck: Ozym. Chh Ck (Hg.). Cff, W: ffgy 2003 K, Thm D Bg-P: Tg. B Cgk (Hg.). Ah: G Img 2005 K, Thm A Nöm: Dg w 2003-2006. A G Sg, Jh Cy Gy H.. (Hgg.). Sg: Vä 2007 K, Thm Rh Wf: A hk. Th B Ahm (Hg.). B: S H B F. 2008 K, Thm Dk ü: W Vk! Thm K (Hg.). Sg 2009 K, Thm Sf Sh-Kz, P Wmb (..): Bí 50 y f m. K O N (Hg.). B: ARP 2010-09-06 K, Thm Fk Gü Zh (..): FbW 135-36. K Dü (Hg.). K Dü 2010 g h 64 65
S P b C Öffh Smmg (Awh) / b Gg Em H, Rh, Nw Yk, USA Fy Ivm C A C, B, h, Nw Yk, NY, Sg Hvf C, Hvf, Phh, USA m f F A, H, T, USA Th A I f Chg, C f Phghy, Chg, I, USA Th B Ahm, B, h, USA Th Dy A I, Dy, Oh, USA Wg gm Cmy, A C, B, h, USA W A m, W, h, USA A ó é 66 67
m I 2006 [ˈəʊm] K w Cy hgh my h wh hy fm P-Cmb my m. I P-Cmb k Cy h k h h fh h. Pg h k f y k wy g f v h m whh hy gg, g E. K g fgm mh h h f g. jy