Table of Contents Chapter Preview 4.1 Photosynthesis 4.2 Respiration 4.3 Cell Division 4.4 Cell Differentiation
Chapter Preview Questions 1. All living things are made of a. tissues. b. muscles. c. cells. d. chemicals.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 1. All living things are made of a. tissues. b. muscles. c. cells. d. chemicals.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 2. Scientists observe the details of cells a. with their bare eyes. b. through microscopes. c. through telescopes. d. in petri dishes.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 2. Scientists observe the details of cells a. with their bare eyes. b. through microscopes. c. through telescopes. d. in petri dishes.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells contain a. chloroplasts. b. mitochondria. c. cytoplasm. d. DNA.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells contain a. chloroplasts. b. mitochondria. c. cytoplasm. d. DNA.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell s a. chloroplasts. b. membrane. c. nucleus. d. walls.
Chapter 4 Preview Questions 4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell s a. chloroplasts. b. membrane. c. nucleus. d. walls.
How do cells obtain the energy they need to carry out all their functions? Hummingbirds feed on the nectar produced by flowers. Nectar is a sweet liquid composed largely of carbohydrates. What does nectar provide for the cells of the hummingbird?
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word auto- self autotroph An organism that makes food for itself
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word hetero- other, different heterotroph An organism that depends on other organisms for food
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word kinesis motion cytokinesis During cell division, the process in which a cell s cytoplasm divides and organelles move into the two new cells that form
Apply It! The Greek word trophe means food. What two key terms in the table come from this Greek word? How does the meaning of each of these words put two Greek words together? Sample: I see from the table that both autotroph and heterotroph contain the Greek word trophe, with the final e dropped.)
End of Chapter Preview
Section 4.1: Photosynthesis How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need? What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS= THE PROCESS WHICH PLANTS MAKE FOOD. CAPTURING THE SUNS ENERGY CHLOROPLASTS IN THE LEAVES OF PLANTS CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPHYLL IS A GREEN PIGMENT THAT CAN CAPTURE THE SUNS LIGHT AND USES IT AS ENERGY.
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.
USING ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD PLANT CELLS USE THE SUNS LIGHT ENERGY ALONG WITH WATER (FROM THE ROOTS) AND CARBON DIOXIDE GAS (CO2) FROM THE AIR. LIGHT ENERGY 6 CO2 + 6H2O ----------------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 CARBON WATER GLUCOSE OXYGEN DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS ENTERS A LEAF THROUGH TINY HOLES UNDER THE LEAF CALLED STOMATA AUTOTROPHS=LIVING THINGS THAT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD (PLANTS) HETEROTROPHS=LIVING THINGS THAT EAT OTHER THINGS
Section 4.2: Respiration What events occur during respiration? What is fermentation?
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION = THE PROCESS IN WHICH CELLS USE FOOD AND OXYGEN TO MAKE ENERGY. TWO STAGES OCCUR: 1. FOOD (GLUCOSE) IS BROKEN DOWN INTO IN THE CELL 2. OXYGEN IS COMBINED WITH THE FOOD TO MAKE ENERGY THE RESPIRATION EQUATION 6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -------- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY GLUCOSE OXYGEN CARBON WATER DIOXIDE
Two Stages of Respiration During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain. ANOTHER NAME FOR ENERGY IS ATP (ADENOSINE TRI- PHOSPHATE).
Photosynthesis and Respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION ARE RELATED. THE GLUCOSE MADE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS USED IN RESPIRATION.
OTHER WAYS TO GET ENERGY FERMENTATION = WHEN ORGANISMS GET ENERGY WITHOUT THE USE OF OXYGEN (YEAST) ALCOHOL FERMENTATION = PRODUCES ALCOHOL FROM THE BREAK DOWN OF SUGARS LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION= WHEN OXYGEN IS USED UP TOO FAST AND LACTIC ACID IS PRODUCED (EXERCISE)
Section 4.3: Cell Division What events take place during the three states of the cell cycle? How does the structure of DNA help account for the way in which DNA copies itself?
CH 4.3 CELL DIVISION THE CELL CYCLE= THE SEQUENCE OF GROWTH AND DIVISION IN A CELL. THREE STAGES OCCUR: 1. INTERPHASE THE CELL GROWS TO ITS MATURE SIZE THE CELL MAKES A COPY OF ITS DNA (CHROMOSOMES)= DNA REPLICATION
2. Mitosis During mitosis, the cell s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.
PROPHASE: Phases of Mitosis METAPHASE: ANAPHASE: TELOPHASE:
PROPHASE: THE CHROMOSOMES MADE OUT OF DNA CONTRACT AND COIL BECOMING VISIBLE. SPINDLE FIBERS FORM BETWEEN THE ENDS OF THE CELL.
METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER OF THE CELL CHROMOSOMES ATTACH TO THE SPINDLE FIBERS
ANAPHASE THE CENTROMERS SPLIT TWO CHROMOSOMES SPLIT UP, MOVING TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL
TELOPHASE THE CELL STARTS TO FORMS TWO NEW CELLS BY PINCHING OFF AT THE MEMBRANE.
The Cell Cycle
3. Cytokinesis TWO NEW CELLS ARE FORMED
Length of the Cell Cycle How long does it take for a cell to go through one cell cycle? It all depends on the cell. A human liver cell, for example, completes one cell cycle in about 22 hours, as shown in the graph. Study the graph and then answer the following questions.
Length of the Cell Cycle Reading Graphs: What do the three curved arrows outside the circle represent? The longest curved arrow represents the cell s interphase; the shortest represents cytokinesis; and the middle one represents mitosis.
Length of the Cell Cycle Reading Graphs: In what stage of the cell cycle is the wedge representing growth? Interphase
Length of the Cell Cycle Interpreting Data: In human liver cells, how long does it take DNA replication to occur? 10 hours
Length of the Cell Cycle Drawing Conclusions: In human liver cells, what stage in the cell cycle takes the longest time? Interphase
Structure of DNA The DNA molecule, supported by proteins, is shaped like a twisted ladder.
Replication of DNA Because of the way in which the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule.
Section 4.4: Cell Differentiation What is differentiation? What factors influence how and when cells differentiate within different organisms?
Specialized Cells Undifferentiated plant cell Leaf cell Transport cell DIFFERENTIATION = CHANGING IN STRUCTURE AS CELLS DIFFERENTIATE THEY BECOME DIFFERENT FROM EACHOTHER. AS CELLS DIFFERENTIATE THEY CARRRY OUT DIFFERENT JOBS OR FUNCTIONS. Root cell
DIFFERENTIATED CELLS BECOME ORGANIZED INTO TISSUES. THE INSTRUCTIONS IN A CELL AS TO HOW IT WILL DIFFERENTIATE ARE CODED IN THE DNA N THE NUCLEUS STEM CELLS CAN DIFFERENTIATE THROUGHOUT AN ORGANISMS LIFE.