FCAT Review Evolution & Ecosystems
Classifying Organisms Why would we classify organisms? To make them easier to study The science of studying how organisms are classified is called taxonomy Organisms are classified based on the observable features (looks, structures, behaviors, etc)
First they are classified into 3 Domains Bacteria Prokaryotic cells Heterotrophs/autotrophs Archaea Prokaryotic cells Heterotrophs/autotrophs Found in extreme environments Eukarya Eukaryotic cells 4 major kingdoms (protists, fungi, plant, animal) Classification
Scientific Classification Domains are broken into 6 kingdoms (you need to know the 4 Eukarya kingdoms) The further down the list, the more specific the characteristics and the smaller each group becomes
Eukarya Kingdoms Protists Fungi Plant Animal Both autotrophs and heterotrophs Heterotrophs (feed on dead or decaying things) Autotrophs Heterotrophs Characteristics vary widely Found everywhere on land, but very few in fresh water Found almost everywhere on land and some water Have adaptations that allow them to live in different places These just don t fit into the other groups Mold, mildew, mushrooms Can be flowering, very tall, very short, physical features vary Found everywhere on Earth depending on what they have adapted to Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular (seaweed) Unicellular except for yeast and mushrooms All multicellular All multicellular
Notice how it gets more specific as you go further down the line
Naming Organisms Why would there be a scientific naming system for organisms? Think about our mascot, the cougar What are some other common names for the cougar? Mountain Lion - Mexican Lion Puma - Deer Tiger FL panther - Swamp Lion
Naming Organisms In order to reduce confusion between countries (even cities), scientists came up with a naming system for ALL organisms What other system did scientists put in place to reduce confusion between countries? International System of Units (SI) Binomial Nomenclature- two word naming system used to classify each organism around the world
Naming Organisms Genus, Species Genus tells you a broader group, while species gives you the most specific group the organism belongs to Common name: Cougar Binomial nomenclature:- Felis concolor The naming system helps scientists around the world have a common language, but it also shows how the organisms are related This relationship between other organisms also helps show how the organisms have evolved
Evidence for Evolution There are several things that scientists use as evidence to support the theory of evolution: organisms change gradually over time. Fossils Natural selection Adaptation
Evidence for Evolution Evidence Fossil record Continental drift
Fossils Fossils show how the structure of plants and animals have changed over time Superposition shows the relative age of fossils as well as the rock Fossils of the same species have been found on multiple continents which leads scientists to the idea behind continental drift (Pangaea)
Natural Selection Survival of the fittest Ability to adapt quickly to changing environments and reproduce successfully is key to the idea behind natural selection Charles Darwin Which on is the fittest?
Natural Selection The better adapted to the environment, the more likely the organism will live long enough to reproduce Only the organisms that reproduce will pass on their traits to their offspring The offspring will inherit the better traits from the parents and eventually the whole species will have that trait after so many year Bad traits will be gone, good traits will pass on But the trait changes enough that the species actually changes because of the better adapted trait
Adaptationsare changes in structure and behavior Adaptations are traits that help plants and animals survive
Diversity Natural selection adds to the diversity of species, because it causes natural changes over time due to new adaptations versus selective breeding which makes everything the same (limits diversity). If a species is unable to adapt, then it is unable to survive and pass on its traits. If the entire species has these undesirable traits and cannot adapt, then over time that species will be extinct
Diversity White tigers are bred in captivity for their desirable coloring, however, nature weeds these tigers out because they are easily spotted which makes catching prey almost impossible. The orange tiger has many shades, but it is the better adaptation over the white. Many white tigers are born with deformities because they is not enough genetic diversity due to the limited amount of white tigers available for breeding
Ecosystems Species must adapt to their environment and other organisms in their area or ecosystem Ecosystem- a community made of organisms that live in a particular area and their non-living environment In an ecosystem organisms must adapt to: Biotic factors-living things (interactions with other living things) Abiotic factors-non-living things(soil, water, temp, oxygen)
Energy (solar or chemical) Water Tolerable Temperatures Light Agreeable Atmosphere The amount of these available, limit the size of the populations in the area Life Needs:
Limiting Factors Limiting factor- something in an environment that keeps a population from growing or makes the population smaller Types of limiting factors: Space available (carrying capacity) Food (sunlight for plants) Water (one of the biggest factors) Disease (wipe out populations)
Relationships between organism in an ecosystem 3 types of symbiotic relationships (where at least one organism benefits) : Mutualism- both benefit Commensalism- one benefits and the other is not bothered, but does not benefit Parasitism- one benefits while harming the other (parasite-benefitted and host-harmed)
What picture represent which type of symbiotic relationship? Parasitismmosquito gets blood from host, while harming the host Commensalism- fish benefits from the protection of the anemone, while not harming the anemone Mutualism- crocodile benefits from having the rotting flesh removed from its teeth, bird benefits by getting food
Other Relationships There are other relationships between organisms: Predation- one species feeds on another species (predator and prey) Competition- the struggle for organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources (compete for food, territory, mates, water, etc.)
Producers, Consumers, Decomposers Producer- organism that makes its own food Consumer- organism that must feed on other organisms to obtain energy (carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, scavenger) Decomposer- break down waste or dead organisms and return raw material back into the ecosystem Make sure you understand how they all work together!!!!
Energy moves through an ecosystem 1. What would happen if the alligator were over hunted? 2. What would happen if the blue heron were removed? You MUST know how to read a food web!!! 3. What could happen if the turtle population increase by a bunch?
Photosynthesis Occurs in the Chloroplasts of plant cells plants use solar energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen as waste Energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
Cellular Respiration In the mitochondria of cells organisms use oxygen to break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide as waste C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
Cycles in Nature Energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Notice how the reactants for photosynthesis are the products for respiration and vice versa!!!
Cycles of Nature Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water
Cycles in nature Everything in nature is used and recycled There is a cycle for everything!!!! All cycles use the laws of conservation of energy and mass
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources Renewable Wind Solar Water Trees Biomass Non-renewable Coal Oil Gas
Sample Question 14 What is the source of energy used in photosynthesis? A. Glucose B. Sunlight C. Chlorophyll D. DNA
A. 460 B. 580 C. 475 D. 480