Biology EOC Review Study Questions Microscopes and Characteristics of Life 1. How do you calculate total magnification on a compound light microscope? 2. What is the basic building block of all living things? 3. Define homeostasis and give an example. 4. Compare and contrast compound light microscopes, dissecting microscopes, and electron microscopes. Scientific Method: 1. Describe the steps of the scientific method. 2. A student sets up four plants and exposes each to a different color or light to test which plant will grow fastest. One of the plants is placed in sunlight. Identify the control, independent variable, and dependent variable. 3. Which plants in the above question are the experimental plants? 4. Which plants are the control plants? 5. What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law? Chemistry of Life 1. Name the four major biological macromolecules (organic molecules). 2. Give the building blocks of each of the four groups. 3. What is the function of glucose and which organisms produce glucose? 4. Identify uses in organism s for each of the following organic molecules: starch, cellulose, insulin, glycogen, enzymes, hemoglobin, fats (lipids), DNA, and RNA 5. Draw the structure of each of the four macromolecules. Enzymes 1. Draw a picture of enzyme action and be able to label the active site, substrate, and the enzyme. 2. How does improper temperature and ph affect enzyme activity? 3. Why are enzymes called catalysts? (Explain in terms of activation energy) Cell Structure and Function 1. Give the three parts of the cell theory. 2. Identify scientists associated with the cell theory. 3. Be able to identify cell organelles on pictures of plant and animal cells. 4. Which organelle serves as the skeleton in a plant cell? 5. Which organelle a. Packages the proteins before they leave the cell? b. Is the shipping factory of the cell? c. Converts glucose into a usable energy form known as ATP? d. Is the brain of the cell because it contains DNA or chromosomes? e. Makes ribosomes? f. Assembles amino acids together to make proteins? g. Is responsible for digesting old, worn out cell parts? 6. What are two other differences between plant and animal cells besides cell walls?
7. What is the difference between a multicellular and unicellular organism? 8. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? a. Which has larger ribosomes? b. Which has circular DNA? c. Which has linear DNA? d. Which has membrane bound organelles? e. Which has DNA bound in a nucleus? f. Give examples of organisms with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 9. List the levels or organization within a human being, beginning with a cell and ending with an organism. 10. Explain how your body regulates its temperature. Cell Membrane 1. Draw a picture of the structure of a cell membrane and label its parts. 2. Identify the function of each structure. 3. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? 4. Define diffusion and give examples of substances that move by diffusion. 5. Define osmosis and describe how it works. 6. Draw an example of a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution. 7. Compare and contrast active and passive transport and give an example of how each is used in an organism. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1. Explain the role of ATP in each process. 2. Give the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 3. What is the main product of photosynthesis? 4. Describe the steps and the purpose of cellular respiration. 5. Compare and contrast aerobic versus anaerobic respiration. 6. Describe chemosynthesis and give an example. 7. Where is ATP produced in a cell? 8. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 9. What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? Mitosis and Meiosis 1. List the phases of the cell cycle. 2. When does DNA (chromosomes) replicate? 3. Why is it important for chromosomes to replicate for mitosis? 4. What is fertilization? 5. How is meiosis different from mitosis as far as a. The number of cells produced? b. The number of chromosomes in the new cells? c. Which cells are involved? 6. Why are crossing over and independent assortments important for genetic variation? 7. Asexual reproduction produces cells that are identical to the parent. True or false? 8. How many chromosomes do human sperm and egg have?
9. Which cells have a haploid number of chromosomes and which cells have a diploid number of chromosomes in humans? 10. Diagram the stages of mitosis and meiosis. DNA and RNA 1. Describe the basic structure of DNA and RNA. 2. If a DNA strand is ATGCCGCAGGGG, what would the complimentary strand of DNA be? 3. What would be the mrna strand created during transcription? 4. Using the codons on the mrna strand, look up the amino acids that this DNA strand would code for. 5. Where in the cell are amino acids assembled to make proteins? 6. Mutations are very important for differences, or variations, in a population. What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation? Gene Regulation 1. How does the overproduction of cells cause cancer? Genetic Engineering 1. Which of the following organisms is most widely used in genetic engineering? Plants, animals, bacteria 2. What is gene therapy? 3. How is the human genome project related to gene therapy? Basic Genetics 1. Describe the work of Gregor Mendel. 2. What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive allele? 3. If two hybrids are crossed for ONE trait (monohybrid cross), what will be the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for their offspring? 4. If two brown mice are mated and 30 of the offspring are brown and 9 are white, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring and what are the genotypes of the parents? 5. If two mice are crossed that are heterozygous for TWO traits (dihybrid cross), what will be the expected phenotypic ratio? 6. If a brown mouse is test crossed and half of the offspring come out white and the other half brown, what was the genotype of the unknown parent? 7. In incomplete dominance, RR is red, R R is pink and R R is white.. if two pinks are crossed, what will be the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring? Human Genetics 1. If a person is type A blood and he is crossed with a person with type B blood, show all the possible blood types of the offspring. Remember to use I A, I B, and I for the alleles. 2. Which of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes? Which are sex chromosomes? 3. Give the sex chromosomes for a male and female. 4. Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, also known as a sex-linked trait. Cross a male hemophiliac with a carrier female and give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 5. If a mutation occurs in a sperm cell, will the mutation be passed on to the offspring? If a mutation occurs in a body cell, will the mutation be passed on to the offspring?
6. How many chromosomes do egg/sperm contain as compared to the number of chromosomes of somatic cells? 7. Are most disorders caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele? 8. Know how to read a pedigree. 9. What would be different about a karyotype of a male and female? A person with Down syndrome? 10. Down syndrome and other genetic disorders are caused by nondisjunction. What does this mean and when does it happen? 11. Why are males more likely to display a sex-linked trait? 12. Polygenic traits are controlled by many genes. Give three examples of polygenic traits. Origin of Life 1. Differentiate between biogenesis and spontaneous generation. 2. What was the purposed of Miller and Urey s experiment and whose hypothesis were they testing? 3. Give an example of biogenesis and spontaneous generation. Evolution 1. Darwin proposed the idea of, which meant that organisms with the most favorable adaptations were likely to. 2. Describe how the following evidences support the theory of evolution: a. Vestigial structures (ex. Pelvic bones in whales) b. Amino acid sequences (the number organisms have in common) c. Embryos of vertebrates 3. Place the following organisms in order according to when they appeared in the fossil record mammals, reptiles, birds, humans 4. What was the first organism on Earth? Where did it appear and when? 5. What happened to organisms as they evolved? 6. Describe how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. 7. What is relative dating of fossils? 8. What is carbon dating of fossils? 9. How did the first eukaryotic organisms evolve? 10. Describe the first aerobic organism. 11. Describe the steps of speciation, beginning with geographical isolation. Ecology 1. List the levels of organization in an ecosystem starting with population and ending with biosphere. 2. Describe the three types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each type of relationship. 3. Describe how predators and prey help to keep each other s population numbers in check. 4. List three biotic factors and three abiotic factors in an ecosystem. 5. How are biotic and abiotic factors related to the process of photosynthesis? Use these terms in your explanation: carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, water 6. Draw a diagram of the carbon cycle. List the steps of the carbon cycle starting with carbon dioxide in the air. 7. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related to the carbon cycle? 8. Draw a picture of a food web. List the trophic levels in the food web. 9. What decreases in an energy pyramid as you move from bottom to top?
10. Provide three factors that influence human birth rate. 11. Provide three factors the influence human death rate. 12. Discuss how humans have caused the following environmental conditions: a. Acid rain b. Habitat destruction c. Introduction of non-native species 13. Describe the greenhouse effect and discuss how humans are causing more and more heat to be trapped in the atmosphere. 14. How are humans impacting the environment through each of the following: a. Deforestation b. Pesticide use c. Bioaccumulation 15. Describe a few sustainable practices.