Table of Contents I. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE (HISTORY AND NATURAL SCIENCE) A. Nature of scientific knowledge, inquiry, and historical perspectives 1. Scientific methods...1 2. Processes involved in scientific inquiry...1 3. Process skills...2 4. Facts...2 5. Concepts...2 6. Models...2 7. Commonly shared scientific ideals...3 8. Philosophy...5 9. Contributions made by major historical figures and landmark events in the field of biology...6 B. Mathematics, measurement, and data manipulation 1. Measurement and notation systems...7 2. Data collection...8 3. Data manipulation...8 4. Data interpretation...9 5. Data presentation (tables, graphs, charts, error analysis...10 C. Laboratory procedures and safety 1. Safe preparation, storage, use, and disposal of laboratory and field materials...11 2. Selection and use of appropriate laboratory equipment...12 3. Safety and emergency procedures of the science classroom and laboratories...13 4. Legal responsibilities of the teacher...14 i
II. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR A. Chemical basis of life 1. Basic chemical structures...15 2. Atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds...15 3. ph and buffers...16 4. Biologically important molecules...17 5. Thermodynamics and free energy...19 6. Cellular bioenergetics...21 7. Photosynthesis...22 8. Respiration...25 9. Enzymes...27 B. Cell Structure and function 1. Membranes, organelles, and subcellular components of cells...29 2. Cell cycle, cytokinesis, mitosis, and meiosis...33 C. Molecular basis of heredity 1. Structure and function of nucleic acids...37 2. DNA replication...38 3. Protein synthesis...41 4. Gene regulation...43 5. Mutation and transposable elements...43 6. Viruses...44 7. Molecular basis of genetic diseases (cancer, sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia...44 8. Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering...46 9. Genome mapping of humans and other organisms...47 ii
III. CLASSICAL GENETICS AND EVOLUTION A. Classical Genetics 1. Mendelian inheritance and probability...48 2. Non-Mendelian inheritance...50 3. Linkage...51 4. Human genetic disorders...51 5. Interaction between heredity and the environment...53 B. Evolution 1. Evidence...54 2. Mechanisms...54 3. Population genetics...56 4. Speciation...57 5. Phylogeny...58 6. Origin of life...58 7. Species extinction...59 iii
IV. DIVERSITY OF LIFE, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS A. Diversity of life 1. Classification schemes and the five-kingdom system...61 2. Characteristics and representatives of kingdoms...62 B. Plants 1. Evolution (including adaptation to land and major divisions...64 2. Anatomy (including roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures...66 3. Physiology (C3 and C4 photosynthesis, hormones, photoperiods, water and nutrient uptake, translocation...67 4. Reproduction (alternation of generations, fertilization and zygote formation, dispersal, germination, growth and differentiation, vegetative propagation...69 C. Animals 1. Evolution (phylogeny and classification, major phyla...70 2. Life functions and associated structures (digestion, excretion, nervous control, contractile systems and movement, support, integument, immunity, endocrine system...71 3. Reproduction and development (gametogenesis, fertilization, parthenogenesis, embryogenesis, growth and differentiation, metamorphosis, aging...84 4. Behavior (taxes, instincts, learned behaviors, communication...92 V. ECOLOGY A. Populations (intraspecific competition, density factors, population growth, dispersion patterns, life-history patterns, social behavior...93 B. Communities (niche, interspecific relationships, species diversity, succession... 95 C. Ecosystems (terrestrial, aquatic, biomes, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, stability and disturbances, human impact, interrelationships among ecosystems... 99 iv
VI. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY A. Impact of science and technology on the environment and human affairs...108 B. Human nature-induced hazards...108 C. Issues and applications (production, storage, use, management, and disposal of consumer products and energy, and management of natural resources...109 D. Social, political, ethical, and economic issues in biology...110 E. Societal issues with healthy and medical advances...111 Sample Essay...112 Sample Exam...120 Answer Key...145 Rationale...146 v