New gamma ray and positron contributions to supersymmetric dark matter annihilations Joakim Edsjö Stockholm University edsjo@physto.se in collaboration with T. Bringmann and L. Bergström arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049 + work in progress June 3, 2008 @ Dark Side deux
Outline Neutralinos as dark matter New gamma ray signatures from halo annihilation: - Internal Bremsstrahlung (final state radiation) New positron signatures
The neutralino as a WIMP Many ways to break supersymmetry exists. Will choose a phenomenological low-energy MSSM as one example and msugra as another. The neutralino: χ 0 = N B + N2 W 3 + N 3 H0 + N 4 H0 2 The neutralino can be the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). If R- parity is conserved, it is stable. The gaugino fraction Z g = N 2 + N 2 2
The MSSM-7 parameters In phenomenologically motivated MSSM we fix parameters (typically 7) at the electro-weak scale µ M 2 m A tan β m 0 A b A t Higgsino mass parameter Gaugino mass parameter Mass of CP-odd Higgs boson Ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values Scalar mass parameter Trilinear coupling, bottom sector Trilinear coupling, top sector
The neutralino in msugra Fix mass parameters (typically 5) at GUT scale and run RGEs to low energy scale sgn(µ) m /2 tan β m 0 A Sign of Higgsino mass parameter Gaugino mass parameter (at GUT scale) Ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values Scalar mass parameter (at GUT scale) Trilinear coupling (at GUT scale) Interesting regions: stau coannihilation region funnel region focus point region stop coannihilation region
P. Gondolo, J. Edsjö, P. Ullio, L. Bergström, M. Schelke and E.A. Baltz Version 4. available now 4.2 coming soon! MSSM or msugra Relic density Lab constraints Rates: gamma rays Masses and couplings Rates: neutrino telescopes Rates: antiprotons, positrons, antideuterons Rates: direct detection ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JAn IOP and SISSA journal JCAP 06 (2004) 004 [astro-ph/0406204] DarkSUSY: computing supersymmetric dark-matter properties numerically P Gondolo, J Edsjö 2, P Ullio 3, L Bergström 2, M Schelke 2 and E A Baltz 4 Department of Physics, University of Utah, 5 South 400 East, Suite 20, www.physto.se/~edsjo/darksusy Uses FeynHiggs, HDecay and Isasugra. v4.2 will also use galprop and include final state radiation and neutrino oscillations. JC
Calculational flowchart Select model parameters Calculate masses etc Calculation done with Check accelerator constraints Calculate the relic density Check if the relic density is cosmologically OK Calculate fluxes, rates, etc The relic density Ω χ h 2 = 0.3 +0.0044 0.006 DarkSUSY 4. available on www.physto.se/~edsjo/darksusy JCAP 06 (2004) 004 [astro-ph/0406204] from WMAP+SDSS LRG D. Spergel et al., astro-ph/0603449
Why gamma rays? Rather high rates No attenuation (except from very close to dense sources) Point directly back to the source No diffusion model uncertainties as for charged particles There can be clear spectral signatures to look for
Annihilation in the halo χχχχ γγ,γ,zγ, ν ν Gamma rays can be searched for with e.g. Air Cherenkov Telescopes (ACTs) or GLAST (launch June 7, 2008). Signal depends strongly! on the halo profile, Φ 2 ρ dl line of sight
Annihilation to gamma rays Monochromatic At loop-level, annihilation can occur to γγ E γ = m χ Zγ E γ = m χ m2 Z 4m χ Features directionality no propagation uncertainties low fluxes, but clear signature strong halo profile dependence Continuous WIMP annihilation can also produce a continuum of gamma rays χχ π 0 γγ Features (compared to lines) lower energy more gammas / annihilation rather high fluxes not a very clear signature
Gamma ray fluxes from the halo We can write the flux as Φ γ (η, Ω) =9.35 0 4 S J(η, Ω) cm 2 s sr with Focus on this factor! S = N γ σv 0 29 cm 3 s ( 00 GeV m χ ) 2 Particle physics (SUSY,...) J(η, Ω) = 8.5 kpc Ω Ω line of sight ( ρ(l) 0.3 GeV/cm 3 ) 2 dl(η)dω Astrophysics
Typical gamma ray spectrum Secondary gammas Integrated yield: 0-3 of total BM3 γγ Zγ
Gamma lines rates in GLAST Number of photons in 2 years 0 2 0 2! line Z g " 0.0 0.0 < Z g < 0.99 Z g # 0.99 Number of photons in 2 years 0 2 0 Z! line Z g " 0.0 0.0 < Z g < 0.99 Z g # 0.99 50 00 50 200 250 300 E! [ GeV ] 50 00 50 200 250 300 Bergström, Ullio & Buckley, 97 E! [ GeV ] NFW halo profile, Ω sr GLAST launch, June 7, 2008
Internal Bremsstrahlung Whenever charged final states are present, photons can also be produced in internal bremsstrahlung processes
Internal Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung effects for DM annihilation pointed out by Bergström, PLB 225 (989) 372. Studied recently by e.g. - Beacom et al, arxiv: astro-ph/0409403 MeV dark matter - Bergström et al, PRL 95 (2005) 2430. Ann. of gauginos / Higgsinos to W + W - - Birkedal et al, arxiv: hep-ph/050794. Universal forms derived - Bergström et al, PRL 94 (2005) 330. UED models. I will here report on a more general study for SUSY neutralinos
Contributions to the gamma flux We can write the contributions to the gamma flux as dn γ,tot dx = f ( dn γ,sec f B f dx + dn γ,ib f dx + dn γ,line f dx ) How large are these different contributions?
How big are these contributions for neutralinos? For Majorana fermion dark matter (e.g. neutralinos), annihilation to fermion-antifermion pairs is helicity suppressed at v 0 σ f f m2 f m 2 χ However, when internal bremsstrahlung photons are added, the helicity suppression no longer holds. The cross section can then increase, even though we are punished by an additional factor of α These photons can in many cases dominate at high energies
Gamma ray spectrum including IB photons I x 2 dn/dx 0 - Neutralino mass: mχ = 396 GeV IB from stop exchange BM Total Secondary! Internal Bremsstrahlung! 0-2 0-3 0 0. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x = E! / m " T. Bringmann, L. Bergström and J. Edsjö, arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049
Gamma ray spectrum including IB photons II Neutralino mass: mχ = 446.9 GeV IB from stau exchange x 2 dn/dx Total Secondary! Internal Bremsstrahlung! BM2 0-0 -2 0 0. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x = E! / m " T. Bringmann, L. Bergström and J. Edsjö, arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049
Gamma ray spectrum including IB photons III x 2 dn/dx 0 Neutralino mass: mχ = 233.3 GeV Total Secondary! Internal Bremsstrahlung! IB from stau exchange BM3 0-0 -2 0-3 0 0. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x = E! / m " T. Bringmann, L. Bergström and J. Edsjö, arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049
Gamma ray spectrum including IB photons IV x 2 dn/dx 0 - Neutralino mass: mχ = 926 GeV Total Secondary! Internal Bremsstrahlung! IB from χ + exchange BM4 0-2 0-3 0 0. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x = E! / m " T. Bringmann, L. Bergström and J. Edsjö, arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049
Example of experimental smearing d(σv)γ/deγ [0 29 cm 3 s TeV ] 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 L. Bergström et al., astro-ph/060950. 0. 0. 0.5 2 E γ [TeV] d(σv)γ/deγ [0 29 cm 3 s TeV ] 30 Theory Smeared by 5% 0 2 0.6 2 E γ [TeV] W + W - channel via χ ± exchange
More quantitative... Let s focus on the high energy part by redefining S = mχ 0.6m χ dn γ de de (σv) 0 29 cm 3 s ( mχ 00GeV ) 2 and divide S into the different parts S = S IB + S sec. + S lines
Internal Bremsstrahlung When is it important? MSSM and msugra scans Higgsinos Mixed Gauginos log 0 Zg/( Zg) 5 4 3 2 0 2 3 4 5 6 IB/sec. < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000 m χ [GeV] Stau coannihilation region 5 4 log 0 Zg/( Zg) 3 2 0 2 3 4 5 6 IB/(γγ + Zγ) < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000 m χ [GeV] All models OK with WMAP and accelerator constraints. IB>0.6mχ T. Bringmann, L. Bergström and J. Edsjö, arxiv: 070.369, JHEP 0 (2008) 049
log 2 3 4 5 6 IB/sec. < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 IB/(γγ + Zγ) < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 Absolute strengths 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 00 000. m χ [GeV] log 2 3 4 5 6 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000 m χ [GeV] FIG. 3: Integrated internal bremsstrahlung flux from supersymmetric dark matter, above 0.6 m χ, as compared to the standard continuum flux produced by secondary photons (left) and the flux from both line signals (right). As for the following figures (4 and 5), two symbolsib at the same location always indicate the whole γγinterval between the values corresponding Z γto these symbols. Every model considered here features a relic density as determined by WMAP and satisfies all current experimental bounds. 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 S(IB) < 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00 000 log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 S(γγ) < 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00 000. m χ [GeV]. m χ [GeV] m χ [GeV] log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 S(Zγ) < 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00 000 ` σv mχ 2 FIG. 4: The observationally relevant quantity S N γ for IB (left panel) and the line signals (middle 0 29 cm 3 s 00GeV and right panel). See text for more details. IB can be more important than the lines In Fig. 4 we show the quantity S, which is ds/de integrated above 0.6 m χ. In the left panel, we show the yields similar factor) of the quantity S for both line signals and IB.
IB/sec. for msugra IB(W + W - )/sec. IB(τ + τ - )/sec. IB(tt)/sec. 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 IB(W + W )/sec. < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000 log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 IB(τ + τ )/sec. < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000. m χ [GeV]. m χ [GeV] m χ [GeV] focus point log 0 Zg/( Zg) 0 2 3 4 5 6 IB(t t)/sec. < 0. 0. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5.0.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 > 0.0 00 000 FIG. 5: As in the left panel of Fig. 3, but now for the individual contributions from various final states of neutralino annihilations in msugra models. IB from light leptons covers a very similar region of the plotted parameter space as that from τ leptons. All (other) final states not shown here give always IB fluxes less than 0% of the flux from secondary photons. region stau coannihilation region stop coannihilation region the l + l and t t channels, on the other hand, occur when the stau is almost degenerate with the neutralino and
So, what about the positrons? L. Bergström, T. Bringmann and J. Edsjö, work in progress Annihilations to e+ e - is helicity suppressed for Majorana fermion WIMPs (e.g. neutralinos) Hence, direct annihilation to e+ e - is never important BUT, internal bremsstrahlung of photons cause the cross section for annihilation into e + e - γ to increase. Can it be enhanced enough to be of importance or e + searches?
When is the effect large? Typically, the e + e - γ cross section can be large when the selectrons are light This can happen e.g. in the stau coannihilation region in msugra In MSSM-7, it only happens when essentially all sfermions are light (and typically the slectron is not that light in these cases). However, this is just an artefact of how MSSM-7 is parameterized. Hence, introduce...
MSSM-9 In order to get light selectrons and allow more freedom for the neutralino composition, we introduce MSSM-9 with two more parameters: µ M M 2 m A tan β m 0 mẽ A b A t Higgsino mass parameter Gaugino mass parameter Gaugino mass parameter Mass of CP-odd Higgs boson Ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values Scalar mass parameter Selectron mass parameter (not mass directly) Trilinear coupling, bottom sector Trilinear coupling, top sector New New
Example msugra e + spectrum.000 0.500 Neutralino mass: mχ = 233.3 GeV IB from slepton exchange BM3 x 2 dn tot e + /dx 0.00 0.050 0.00 Total e + e - γ w/o e + e - γ 0.005 0.00 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8.0 x = E e +/m χ Very nice spectral feature!
Enhancement factors at 0.9mχ Ratio of eplus flux at 0.9*mx with/without IB 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 msugra + MSSM-9 300 GeV < m! 00 GeV < m! < 300 GeV m! < 00 GeV It is possible to get huge enhancement factors 0-3 0-2 0-0 0 2 (m selectron - mx)/mx
Absolute fluxes Positron flux at 0.9*(neutralino mass) 0-0 -2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 0-9 0-20 msugra + MSSM-9 e + ratio < 5 e + ratio > 5 High ratio fluxes w/o IB L. Bergström, T. Bringmann and J. Edsjö, 2008 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 Neutralino mass*0.9 (GeV) IB enhances the positron fluxes significantly for some models The models that get large enhancements had low fluxes to start with Even after enhancement, the fluxes are not very high, BUT they have a nice spectral feature!
Spectrum after propagation E 3.5 dφ TOA + /dedω [GeV 2.5 cm 2 s sr ] + e 3.5 e 0.00 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 BM4 M no IB only e + e γ full signal BM3 M2 0.000 0 50 00 50 200 250 E e + [GeV] (background) Nice features, but a boost factor of 5000...
Conclusions Gamma rays from dark matter annihilation can have distinct spectral features, either from the monochromatic lines or from internal bremsstrahlung effects Searches with e.g. GLAST (launch June 7, :45am) and Air Cherenkov Telescopes will be very interesting Positron enhancements can also be significant and provide a nice spectral feature that distinguish them from the background. The absolute fluxes are not that high though.
...and now it is time for a commercial break... Dark matter candidates Dark matter direct searches Dark matter indirect searches Connections with accelerator searches Halo models and structure formation IDM 2008 7 th International Workshop on Identification of Dark Matter Gravitational lensing Neutrino physics Cosmology and dark energy idm2008.albanova.se 8 22 August 2008 AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden Last call for abstracts: June 8 NORDITA Local Organizing Committee L. Bergström (Stockholm University) J. Conrad (Stockholm University) J. Edsjö (Stockholm University) S. Hofmann (Nordita, Stockholm) P-O. Hulth (Stockholm University) E. Mörtsell (Stockholm University) T. Ohlsson (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) M. Pearce (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) International Advisory Committee Dan Akerib (CWRU) Elena Aprile (Columbia) Rita Bernabei (Rome) Gianfranco Bertone (IAP, Paris) Karl van Bibber (LLNL) Elliott Bloom (SLAC) David Cline (UCLA) Katie Freese (Michigan) Rick Gaitskell (Brown) Anne Green (Nottingham) Henk Hoekstra (UVic) Dan Hooper (FNAL) Marc Kamionkowski (Caltech) Stavros Katsanevas (IN2P3) Vitaly Kudryavtsev (Sheffield) Manfred Lindner (MPI, Heidelberg) Bela Majorovits (MPI, Munich) Ben Moore (ETH) Aldo Morselli (Rome) Robert C. Nichol (Portstmouth) Georg Raffelt (MPI, Munich) Leszek Roszkowski (Sheffield) Bernard Sadoulet (Berkeley) Pierre Salati (Annecy) Neil Spooner (Sheffield) Max Tegmark (MIT) Dan Tovey (Sheffield) Piero Ullio (SISSA) Simon White (MPI, Garching)