Part 4- Chemistry Paper 1 Bonding Knowledge Questions How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic Bonding Structure, and the Properties of Matter Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances Quantitative Chemistry Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (Triple) Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3 (Triple) Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation The periodic table Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Paper 1 Chemical Changes Reactions of acids Reactivity of metals Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change Chemistry Paper 2 Energy Changes Chemical cells and fuel cells (Triple) Exothermic and endothermic reactions Electrolysis Rate of reaction Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (Triple) Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock Organic Chemistry Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (Triple) Purity, formulations and chromatograph & 4.8.2 ID of gases Chemical Analysis Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (Triple) Chemistry of the Atmosphere Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases Using Resources Life cycle assessment and recycling Using materials (Triple) Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (Triple)
AQA TRILOGY Chemistry (8464) from 2016 Topics T5.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe the three main types of bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds and metallic bonds in terms of electrostatic forces and the transfer or sharing of electrons Describe how the ions produced by elements in some groups have the electronic structure of a noble gas and explain how the charge of an ion relates to its group number Describe the structure of ionic compounds, including the electrostatic forces of attraction, and represent ionic compounds using dot and cross diagrams Describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent a giant ionic structure Work out the empirical formula of an ionic compound from a given model or diagram that shows the ions in the structure Describe covalent bonds and identify different types of covalently bonded substances, such as small molecules, large molecules and substances with giant covalent structures Represent covalent bonds between small molecules, repeating units of polymers and parts of giant covalent structures using diagrams Draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane Deduce the molecular formula of a substance from a given model or diagram in these forms showing the atoms and bonds in the molecule Describe the arrangement of atoms and electrons in metallic bonds and draw diagrams the bonding in metals Name the three States of matter, identify them from a simple model and state which changes of state happen at melting and boiling points Explain changes of state using particle theory and describe factors that affect the melting and boiling point of a substance HT ONLY: Discuss the limitations of particle theory Recall what (s), (l), (g) and (aq) mean when used in chemical equations and be able to use them appropriately Explain how the structure of ionic compounds affects their properties, including melting and boiling points and conduction of electricity (sodium chloride structure only) Explain how the structure of small molecules affects their properties Explain how the structure of polymers affects their properties Explain how the structure of giant covalent structures affects their properties Explain how the structure of metals and alloys affects their properties, including explaining why they are good conductors Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals in terms of the layers of atoms Explain the properties of graphite, diamond and graphene in terms of their structure and bonding Describe the structure of fullerenes, and their uses, including Buckminsterfullerene and carbon nanotubes 5.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 5.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
A. Changes of State States of matter 1. What are the three types of strong chemical bond? 2. What particles are found in: a) Ionic bonding b) Covalent bonding c) Metallic bonding? 3. Which type of bonds occurs when metals combine with non-metals? 4. What type of bonding occurs in carbon dioxide? Why? 5. What type of bonding occurs in alloys? 6. What happens to the electrons in ionic bonding? 5. What is the link between the charge number on the ions in groups 1, 2 and 3 and their group number? 7. What is the link between the charge number on the ions in Groups 1, 2, 6 and 7 and their group? 8. What is an ionic compound? 9. How are ionic compounds held together?
10. Why is the ball and stick model not an accurate representation of the structure of an ionic compound? 11. Draw a diagram to show how potassium and chlorine atoms join together to form ions. 12. Explain how you can use the following model of sodium chloride to work out the empirical formula.
B. Bonding part 2 Covalent bonding, metallic bonding 1. How are strong covalent bonds formed? 2. What are the three types of structure that can be formed by covalent bonding? 3. What are polymers an example of? 4. What type of structure do the following covalently bonded substances have? a) Water H2O b) Silicon dioxide SO2 c) Diamond d) Poly(ethene) 5. What are the limitations of using dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds? 6. How are atoms arranged in a metal? 7. Why are metallic bonds so strong?
8. What is the formula of the following model? 9. Draw a dot and cross diagram for water. 10. Describe the arrangement of particles in a metal. 11. Why are the particles that make up a metal described as positively charged? 12. What are delocalised electrons?
C. Properties of substances part 1 states of matter, state symbols 1. What are the three states of matter? 2. What is used to represent particles in the simple particle model? 3. What takes place at the melting point? 4. What takes place at the boiling point? 5. What factor affects the amount of energy needed to change state? 6. In chemical equations what symbols are used to show the states of matter? 7. In what state of matter do particles have the most energy? 8. What would eventually happen to a gas if pressure is increased?
9. The following represents the heating of ice: a. What change in state happens at stage 2? b. What change in state happens at stage 4? D. Properties of substances part 2 Ionic compounds, small molecules, polymers, giant covalent structures, metals and alloys 1. Describe the structure of ionic compounds. 2. Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points? 3. Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water? 4. What state of matter are small molecules normally found in?
5. Why do small molecules have low melting and boiling points? 6. What happens to the melting and boiling points as small molecules get bigger? Why? 7. Why don t small molecules conduct electricity? 8. What are polymers? 9. How are the atoms in a polymer linked together? 10. Why are polymers normally solid at room temperature? 11. Give an example of a giant covalent structure. 12. Why do giant covalent structures have very high melting and boiling points?
13. Why do most metals have high melting and boiling points? 14. How are atoms arranged in pure metals? 15. What is an alloy? 16. Why do we use alloys, rather than pure metals, for many uses? 17. Why are metals good conductors of electricity? 18. What is thermal energy? 19. Why are metals good conductors of thermal energy?
E. Properties of substances part 3 Diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes 1. In a diamond, how many covalent bonds does each carbon make? 2. Diamond does not conduct electricity. Why? 3. Name 2 other properties of diamond. 4. In graphite, how many covalent bonds does each carbon make? 5. Describe the structure of graphite. 6. Why is graphite soft? 7. Why does graphite conduct electricity? 8. How is graphite similar to metals?
9. What is graphene? 10. What are fullerenes? 11. What was the first fullerene to be discovered? 12. What are carbon nanotubes? 13. What are carbon nanotubes useful for?