Exam 5 Review Questions and Topics 1. In your own words, define Methodological Naturalism and what it can and cannot test: 2. Fill out the following table: Discovery Science What it does? Hypothesis-based Science How does it do it? 3. Define the following: a. Karyokinesis- b. Cytokinesis- 4. Interphase includes which of the following phases of the cell cycle? a. G0, G1, G2, Mitosis b. G0, G1, S, G2 c. G1, S, G2, M d. G1, S, G2, Cytokinesis 5. In the space below, draw out the cell cycle. Be sure to label the following: Interphase, G0, G1, S, G2, Mitosis (M), and Cytokinesis. Describe what specific events occur during each phase.
6. Healthy humans have individual chromosomes, or, pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell. a. 46, 23 b. 23, 46 c. 46, 46 d. 23, 23 7. Chromosomes are found on genes. a. True b. False 8. Using this karyotype, answer the following questions: How many chromatids are present? How many chromosomes are present? Are these chromosomes duplicated, or unduplicated? How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present? What makes these chromosomes homologous? Would a karyotype like this be found in a somatic cell or gamete?
9. In which phase of the cell cycle do sister chromatids first appear? a. Mitosis b. G1 c. G2 d. S 10. is the result of an unregulated cell cycle. a. Cell division b. Mitosis c. Cancer d. Meiosis 11. A phragmoplast is: a. A structure that forms during late cytokinesis in plants b. The precursor to the newly forming cell wall in all eukaryotes c. The precursor to the newly forming cell wall in all plant cells d. A & C e. A & B 12. Define the following: a. Cleavage furrow- b. Allele- c. Gene- d. Trait/ phenotype- e. Genotype- f. Loci- 13. and are only present during and occur between homologous chromosomes. a. synapsis; chiasmata; mitosis b. cleavage furrow; synapsis; mitosis c. synapsis; chiasmata; meiosis d. cleavage furrow; synapsis; meiosis
14. Synapsis is: a. A pairing of homologous chromosomes b. A paring of homologous alleles c. A paring of homologous sister chromatids d. A pairing of homologous genes 15. How does genetic similarity arise? 16. How does genetic variability arise? 17. Mendel s Chromosomal Law of Independent Assortment Mendel s Chromosomal Law of Segregation Does this idea pertain to chromosomes or genes? Does this idea pertain to chromosomes or genes? Occurs at which stage of meiosis? Occurs at which stage of meiosis? 18. Mendel made three important decisions when beginning his pea plant crosses which contributed to his discoveries. What were they? a. b. c.
19. In a monohybrid cross, the dominant to recessive traits (the phenotype) will be present in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. a. True b. False 20. Define the following and provide an example: a. Homozygous- b. Heterozygous- c. Genotype- d. Phenotype- 21. Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to the increase in mucus aggregation within the lungs of individuals who express both recessive alleles of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7. Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley visit a genetic counselor to inquire about any potential CF risks with regards to their future offspring since CF was found to be commonly passed down within the Potter family. The results from the genetic screening are as follows: 3:1 phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive alleles 1:2:1 genotypic ratio (how many of each type of genotype is formed) Knowing these ratios, predict the genotype and phenotype of both Harry and Ginny (hintwork backwards towards creating a punnett square using these ratios): Harry Genotype: Ginny Genotype: Harry Phenotype: Ginny Phenotype:
22. In dihybrid crosses, the different genes are inherited independently as long as they are on different chromosomes. a. True b. False 23. If genes are on the same chromosome, they will exhibit independent assortment. a. True b. False 24. Whenever a test cross is performed with an organism of an undefined genotype, what must the genotype be of the organism that you are experimentally crossing it with? How many generations must you cross the organisms and their offspring until you can properly analyze the results? Why? 25. What is incomplete dominance? a. The F1 hybrid of a cross between two true-breeding parents has an intermediate phenotype b. Two alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual c. Individual genes can affect more than one phenotypic trait d. Multiple genes (not alleles) are controlling a single trait 26. What is pleiotropy? a. The F1 hybrid of a cross between two true-breeding parents has an intermediate phenotype b. Two alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual c. Individual genes can affect more than one phenotypic trait d. Multiple genes (not alleles) are controlling a single trait
27. What are polygenic traits? a. The F1 hybrid of a cross between two true-breeding parents has an intermediate phenotype b. Two alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual c. Individual genes can affect more than one phenotypic trait d. Multiple genes (not alleles) are controlling a single trait 28. What is co-dominance? a. The F1 hybrid of a cross between two true-breeding parents has an intermediate phenotype b. Two alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual c. Individual genes can affect more than one phenotypic trait d. Multiple genes (not alleles) are controlling a single trait 29. What did Walter Sutton do? 30. And Thomas Hunt Morgan? What was his issue? 31. What determines whether or not two genes will be linked? a. Function b. Physical proximity from one another c. If they are both expressing dominant alleles d. If they are expressing one dominant and one recessive allele 32. What is the phenotypic ratio predicted for genes on DIFFERENT chromosomes? What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for genes on the SAME chromosome, or more specifically, for genes that physically lie right next to each other? What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for genes that are said to be linked? Why does this ratio vary?
*This somatic cell in prophase has two chromosomes in it, both are from the same individual XX *I used two different fonts to represent a pair of homologous chromosomes, one X is from mom and one is from dad XX