Crosschecks for Unification

Crosschecks for Unification Hans Peter Nilles Physikalisches Institut Universität Bonn Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 1/39

Questions Do present observations give us hints for a grand unification of gauge interactions? Can LHC confirm this picture and, if yes, how? Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 2/39

Questions Outline Do present observations give us hints for a grand unification of gauge interactions? Can LHC confirm this picture and, if yes, how? GUTs: the good things and the problems String theory and local grand unification Simple susy breakdown schemes Gaugino masses Disentangling the schemes (with a bit of luck) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 2/39

The Standard Model What do we have? gauge group SU(3) SU(2) U(1) 3 families of quarks and leptons scalar Higgs doublet Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 3/39

The Standard Model What do we have? gauge group SU(3) SU(2) U(1) 3 families of quarks and leptons scalar Higgs doublet But there might be more: supersymmetry (SM extended to MSSM) neutrino masses and mixings as a hint for a large mass scale around 10 16 GeV Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 3/39

Indirect evidence Experimental findings suggest the existence of two new scales of physics beyond the standard model M GUT 10 16 GeV and M SUSY 10 3 GeV: Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 4/39

Indirect evidence Experimental findings suggest the existence of two new scales of physics beyond the standard model M GUT 10 16 GeV and M SUSY 10 3 GeV: Neutrino-oscillations and See-Saw Mechanism m ν M 2 W /M GUT m ν 10 3 ev for M W 100GeV, Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 4/39

Indirect evidence Experimental findings suggest the existence of two new scales of physics beyond the standard model M GUT 10 16 GeV and M SUSY 10 3 GeV: Neutrino-oscillations and See-Saw Mechanism m ν M 2 W /M GUT m ν 10 3 ev for M W 100GeV, Evolution of couplings constants of the standard model towards higher energies. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 4/39

MSSM (supersymmetric) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 5/39

Standard Model Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 6/39

Grand Unification This leads to SUSY-GUTs with nice things like unified multiplets (e.g. spinors of SO(10)) gauge coupling unification Yukawa unification neutrino see-saw mechanism Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 7/39

Grand Unification This leads to SUSY-GUTs with nice things like unified multiplets (e.g. spinors of SO(10)) gauge coupling unification Yukawa unification neutrino see-saw mechanism But there remain a few difficulties: breakdown of GUT group (large representations) doublet-triplet splitting problem (incomplete multiplets) proton stability (need for R-parity) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 7/39

String Theory What do we get from string theory? supersymmetry extra spatial dimensions large unified gauge groups consistent theory of gravity Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 8/39

String Theory What do we get from string theory? supersymmetry extra spatial dimensions large unified gauge groups consistent theory of gravity These are the building blocks for a unified theory of all the fundamental interactions. But do they fit together, and if yes how? We need to understand the mechanism of compactification of the extra spatial dimensions Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 8/39

Calabi Yau Manifold Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 9/39

Orbifold Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 10/39

Localization Quarks, Leptons and Higgs fields can be localized: in the Bulk (d = 10 untwisted sector) on 3-Branes (d = 4 twisted sector fixed points) on 5-Branes (d = 6 twisted sector fixed tori) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 11/39

Localization Quarks, Leptons and Higgs fields can be localized: in the Bulk (d = 10 untwisted sector) on 3-Branes (d = 4 twisted sector fixed points) on 5-Branes (d = 6 twisted sector fixed tori) but there is also a localization of gauge fields E 8 E 8 in the bulk smaller gauge groups on various branes Observed 4-dimensional gauge group is common subroup of the various localized gauge groups! Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 11/39

Localized gauge symmetries SU(4) 2 SU(6) SU(2) SO(10) SU(6) SU(2) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 12/39

Standard Model Gauge Group SU(4) 2 SU(4) SU(2) 2 SU(5) SU(3) 2 SU(3) 2 SU(6) SU(2) SO(10) SU(5) SU(4) SU(2) 2 SU(6) SU(2) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 13/39

Local Grand Unification In fact string theory gives us a variant of GUTs complete multiplets for fermion families split multiplets for gauge- and Higgs-bosons partial Yukawa unification discrete (family) symmetries simple susy breakdown schemes Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 14/39

Local Grand Unification In fact string theory gives us a variant of GUTs complete multiplets for fermion families split multiplets for gauge- and Higgs-bosons partial Yukawa unification discrete (family) symmetries simple susy breakdown schemes Key properties of the theory depend on the geography of the fields in extra dimensions. This geometrical set-up is called local GUTs. (Förste, HPN, Vaudrevange, Wingerter, 2004; Buchmüller, Hamaguchi, Lebedev, Ratz, 2004) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 14/39

Local SO(10) GUTs SO(10) is realized in the higher dimensional theory broken in d = 4 coexistence of complete and incomplete multiplets Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 15/39

Local SO(10) GUTs SO(10) is realized in the higher dimensional theory broken in d = 4 coexistence of complete and incomplete multiplets Still there could be remnants of SO(10) symmetry 16 of SO(10) at some branes correct hypercharge normalization R-parity and discrete family symmetries simple susy breakdown and mediation schemes that are very useful for realistic model building... Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 15/39

Gaugino Condensation 25 # of models 20 15 10 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 log 10 GeV Gravitino mass m 3/2 = Λ 3 /MPlanck 2 We need to fix the dilaton! and Λ exp( S) (Lebedev, HPN, Raby, Ramos-Sanchez, Ratz, Vaudrevange, Wingerter, 2006) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 16/39

Run-away potential N 4 A 4.9 d 0 p 0 b 0 2 1.5 V 10 32 1 0.5 0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Re S Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 17/39

Dilaton Domination? One needs a downlifting mechanism to adjust the vacuum energy: the analogue to the F-term uplifting in the type IIB case (Gomez-Reino, Scrucca, 2006; Lebedev, HPN, Ratz, 2006) downlifting mechanism fixes S as well (no need for nonperturbative corrections to the Kähler potential) (Löwen, HPN, 2008) this induces a suppression factor log(m 3/2 /M Planck ) mirage mediation for gaugino masses (Choi, Falkowski, HPN, Olechowski, Pokorski, 2004) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 18/39

Mirage Scale Α 1 m 3 2 20 TeV Φ 0 1.2 1 M 1 Mass TeV 0.8 M 2 0.6 0.4 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 Μ GeV M 3 Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 19/39

Can we test this at the LHC? At the LHC we scatter protons on protons, i.e. quarks on quarks and/or gluons on gluons Thus LHC will be a machine to produce strongly interacting particles. If TeV-scale SUSY is the physics beyond the standard model we might expect LHC to become a GLUINO FACTORY with cascade decays down to the LSP neutralino. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 20/39

The Gaugino Code First step to test these ideas at the LHC: look for pattern of gaugino masses Let us assume the low energy particle content of the MSSM measured values of gauge coupling constants g1 2 : g2 2 : g3 2 1 : 2 : 6 The evolution of gauge couplings would then lead to unification at a GUT-scale around 10 16 GeV Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 21/39

Formulae for gaugino masses ( Ma ) g 2 a TeV = M (0) a + M (1) a loop + M (1) a gauge + M (1) a thresh M a (0) = 1 2 F I I f a (0) M a (1) loop = 1 F C 16π 2b a C 1 8π 2 Ca m F I I ln(e K0/3 Z m ) m M (1) a thresh = 1 8π 2FI I Ω a Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 22/39

The Gaugino Code Observe that evolution of gaugino masses is tied to evolution of gauge couplings for MSSM M a /g 2 a does not run (at one loop) This implies robust prediction for gaugino masses gaugino mass relations are the key to reveal the underlying scheme FEW CHARACTERISTIC MASS PATTERNS (Choi, HPN, 2007) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 23/39

Controllable schemes Assumptions to be made particle content of MSSM up to the GUT scale no intermediate thresholds controllable boundary conditions at the GUT scale This implies that soft terms are determined by the parameters of the low energy effective theories such as particle content β-functions In this case we can hope to obtain meaningful crosschecks for unification. (Löwen, HPN, 2009) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 24/39

SUGRA Pattern Universal gaugino mass at the GUT scale msugra pattern: M 1 : M 2 : M 3 1 : 2 : 6 g1 2 : g2 2 : g2 3 as realized in popular schemes such as gravity-, modulus- and gaugino-mediation This leads to LSP χ 0 1 predominantly Bino G = M gluino /m χ 0 1 6 as a characteristic signature of these schemes. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 25/39

Loop Mediation If the tree level masses vanish we have contributions from radiative corrections M a (1) loop = 1 F C 16π 2b a C 1 8π 2 Ca m F I I ln(e K0/3 Z m ) m Which can be written as a sum M (1) a loop = M (1) a anomaly + M (1) a Kähler where the first term is proportional to b a = (33/5, 1, 3) and the second to b a = (33/5, 5, 3). Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 26/39

Anomaly Pattern Gaugino masses below the GUT scale are determined by the β functions anomaly pattern: M 1 : M 2 : M 3 3.3 : 1 : 9 at the TeV scale as the signal of anomaly mediation. For the gauginos, this implies LSP χ 0 1 predominantly Wino G = M gluino /m χ 0 1 9 Pure anomaly mediation inconsistent, as sfermion masses are problematic in this scheme (tachyonic sleptons). Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 27/39

Kähler Pattern Gaugino masses below the GUT scale determined by the β functions Kähler pattern: M 1 : M 2 : M 3 3.3 : 5 : 9 at the TeV scale as the signal of Kähler mediation. For the gauginos, this implies LSP χ 0 1 predominantly Bino G = M gluino /m χ 0 1 < 3 Kähler mediation depends on a parameter φ (the vev of a hidden sector field) We again expect problems with tachyons. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 28/39

Loop Pattern is a combination of Anomaly and Kähler contribution Loop pattern: M 1 : M 2 : M 3 (3.3 + 3.3φ) : (1 + 5φ) : ( 9 + 9φ) at the TeV scale as the signal loop mediation. For the gauginos, this implies LSP χ 0 1 could be Bino or Wino gluino could be rather light as well The loop scheme will have problems with tachyons and needs additional contributions to scalar masses. In any case we seem to need tree level contributions to scalar (and gaugino) masses. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 29/39

Mirage Pattern Mixed boundary conditions at the GUT scale characterized by the parameter α: the ratio of modulus to anomaly mediation. M 1 : M 2 : M 3 1 : 1.3 : 2.5 for α 1 M 1 : M 2 : M 3 1 : 1 : 1 for α 2 The mirage scheme leads to LSP χ 0 1 predominantly Bino G = M gluino /m χ 0 1 < 6 a compact gaugino mass pattern. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 30/39

Mirage Scale Α 1 m 3 2 20 TeV Φ 0 1.2 1 M 1 Mass TeV 0.8 M 2 0.6 0.4 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 Μ GeV M 3 Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 31/39

Loop Mirage Scale Α 1 m 3 2 20 TeV Φ 0.7 1.4 M 1 1.2 Mass TeV 1 M 2 0.8 0.6 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 Μ GeV M 3 Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 32/39

Gaugino Masses 3 Ma M0 1 Α 2 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 Modulus M 3 M 2 M 1 Anomaly 3 0 1 2 3 5 10 Α Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 33/39

Scalar Masses 1.5 L q L 1 e R m i 2 M 0 2 1 Α 2 0.5 Modulus Anomaly 0 0.5 0 1 2 3 5 10 Α Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 34/39

Scalar Masses 0.7 0.6 0.5 q L m i 2 M 0 2 1 Α 2 0.4 0.3 0.2 Modulus L Anomaly 0.1 e R 0 0.1 0 1 2 3 5 10 Α Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 35/39

Constraints on α tanβ 30 Ξ 1 3 Φ 0 60 50 t LSP 40 TACHYONS m3 2 TeV 30 20 WMAP 10 0 Below LEP 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Α Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 36/39

Uncertainties String thresholds Kähler corrections M (1) a string = 1 8π 2FI I Ω a M a (1) loop = 1 F C 16π 2b a C 1 8π 2 Ca m F I I ln(e K0/3 Z m ) m Intermediate thresholds M (1) a gauge = 1 8π 2 Φ C Φ a F X Φ M Φ Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 37/39

Keep in mind In the calculation of the soft masses we get the most robust predictions for gaugino masses Modulus Mediation: (fww with f = f(moduli)) If this is supressed we might have loop contributions, e.g. Anomaly and Kähler Mediation Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 38/39

Keep in mind In the calculation of the soft masses we get the most robust predictions for gaugino masses Modulus Mediation: (fww with f = f(moduli)) If this is supressed we might have loop contributions, e.g. Anomaly and Kähler Mediation How much can it be suppressed? So we might expect log(m 3/2 /M Planck ) a mixture of tree level and loop contributions. Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 38/39

Conclusion Gaugino masses can serve as a promising tool for an early test for supersymmetry at the LHC Rather robust prediction and simple patterns Mirage pattern rather generic With some luck we might find such a simple scheme at the LHC and measure the ratio G = M gluino /m χ 0 1! Identification of grand unified scheme could be backed up with the determination of soft scalar mass terms and this might provide a crosscheck for unification. (Löwen, HPN, 2009) Crosschecks for Unification, Planck09, Padova, May 2009 p. 39/39