Class updates Ch 10 Middle Pleistocene hominins and Neandertal 1
Class updates Quiz 2 - Next Wednesday, May 16 Need: Scantron 882-E (big one) and note paper for short answer questions Topics: End of chapter 8, chapter 9, chapters 10, a little of chapter 11 Short answer questions and study guide will be on the website this wednesday. Essay 2 Questions are harder! 2
Practice: Identify that hominin 3
Practice: Identify that hominin 4
Practice: Identify that hominin 5
Practice: Identify that hominin 6
Middle Pleistocene setting Middle Pleistocene: 780-125 kya; the "Ice Age" -Time when numerous glacial and interglacials occurred -Hominins in Africa, Europe, and Asia were all affected by climatic oscillations Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya -last glaciations -Neandertal emerges in Europe 7
Middle Pleistocene hominins -Europe becomes more permanently and densely populated -Middle Pleistocene hominins remained and expanded ranges of H. erectus 8
Middle Pleistocene setting *In Africa Interglacial periods = more rainfall Glacial periods = more arid 9
Middle Pleistocene setting *In Europe Interglacial periods = Europe accessible to migrating hominins through Eurasia Glacial periods = colder and inaccessible to migrating hominins through Eurasia 10
Homo heidelbergensis Homo heidelbergensis -group Homo sapiens and Neandertal descended from -Widely dispersed in Africa, Europe, and Asia 11
H. heidelbergensis Morphological characteristics -large face, projected brows, low forehead, and thick cranial vault, -increased brain size, rounded braincase 12
H. heidelbergensis *In general H. heidelbergensis in Europe gave rise to Neandertal H. heidelbergensis in Africa gave rise to Homo sapiens 13
Middle Pleistocene hominin culture -Used Acheulian tools until the end of the Middle Pleistocene *Levallois tool-making technique -More control over flake size and shape -Suggests increased cognitive capabilities 14
Middle Pleistocene hominins sites Africa *Bodo; 600 kya; ancestral features -Earliest evidence of Homo heidelbergensis Europe *Atapuerca, Spain; 500-400 kya; -80% of all Middle Pleistocene hominins come from this site -early evidence of Neandertal traits found on some specimens 15
Neandertal -Late Pleistocene hominin 130-25 kya; -majority of fossils found in Europe and no evidence is found in Africa 16
Neandertal Neandertal morphological traits *Cranium -brain cases with an occipital bun. -vertical forehead v H erectus, -arched rather than straight brow ridge Notable: face projects forward 17
Neandertal Neandertal morphological traits *Postcranial -robust, muscular -short limbs *Morphology due to adapting to the colder climate in Europe 18
Middle Pleistocene hominins and Neandertal Mousterian tool industry -wide-spread and used by premodern Homo sapiens and Neandertal -More flake tools used versus core tools like bifaces 19
Neandertal Other behaviors -Continued to live in caves and open-air sites -Temporary structures -Diet based on more food resources: fruits, vegetables, fish, seeds, nuts, bird eggs, and Unique: now exploiting marine resources 20
Neandertal culture and behavioral characteristics -experienced injuries while hunting 21
Neandertal culture and behavioral characteristics Buried their dead -Intentional burials with individuals surrounded by tools and animal bones -capable of symbolic behavior 22
Neandertal sites Western Asia *Shanidar, Iraq; 70-60 kya -Neandertal find in southwestern Asia -Intentional burial of elderly, disabled man who most likely needed care to have healed wounds Europe *Krapina, Croatia; 130-110 kya -Earliest evidence of intentional burials 23
Neandertal culture and behavioral characteristics -experienced injuries while hunting -buried their dead -capable of symbolic behavior -adapted to cold climates No evidence of language capabilities equivalent to modern humans 24