Review Questions for Exam 1 are defined as traits which enhance survival/reproduction. is the primary unifying concept in biology. Describe evolution with just three words (like Darwin did). Match the important science figure below on the left with the correct contribution on the right: Lyell uniformitarianism Aristotle Cuvier Flemming Hutton Linneaus Lamark use and disuse scala naturae binomial nomenclature discovered penicillin father of paleontology gradualism Darwin was a naturalist on the HMS which left port in 1831. Much of Darwin s work stems from observation he made on the flora and fauna of the islands on the western coast of South America. developed much of his theory on evolution while working in the West Indies. Name the book which Darwin authored in 1859. List the five observations Darwin made which explain the process of natural selection. List three types of data used to support evolution. All the genes in a population are termed the population s. 1
Which of the following events below is most in agreement with the idea of catastrophism? The rise of the Himalayas Formation of the Grand Canyon by the Colorado River Formation of the Galapagos Islands The extinction of the dinosaurs by the impact of a large celestial body with the Earth Which level of biological organization does evolution impact? Describe the term relative fitness as it relates to evolution. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? What are the 4 main sources of genetic variation as discussed in class? Describe the three modes of natural selection as discussed in class. Define speciation. Define a species using the biological species concept. 2
Several species of closely related frogs in the genus Rana can be found in the SE USA. Read each description and match with the correct type of isolating mechanism from the list. behavioral gametic habitat temporal mechanical Males of one species only sing when it rains; males of another species sing only when it is not raining. One species lives in tree cavities; another species lives near fast moving streams. One species mate in early March; another species mates in late May. Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus (an action that stimulates the female frog to release eggs) with females of all other species. For each of the following list as a pre- or postzygotic barrier. Temporal isolation_ Gametic isolation Hybrid breakdown Mechanical isolation Hybrid infertility is the speciation process where a physical geographic barrier creates the isolation. Changes in chromosome number (autopolyploidy) may explain speciation. may be described by periods of very little change followed by dramatic speciation events with pronounced differences in new species. 3
List 4 main characteristics that members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea share which separate them from the domain Eukarya. In the space below sketch a : Coccus shaped bacteria Spirillium shaped bacteria Bacillius shaped bacteria The prokaryotic cell wall prevents the bursting of the cell when in hypertonic environment although their ability to reproduce is greatly affected. Why is this important to the food industry? What is Gram stain used for? Where in a bacterial cell would you find peptidoglycan? are used by bacteria to adhere to each other or substrate materials. and are also used for adhesion in bacteria but consist of hairlike projections. are used by bacterial cells for locomotion. What is a plasmid? Name the process by which most bacteria reproduce. In many bacteria, periods of harsh environmental conditions are bridged by the formation of, which are highly resistant cells in states of suspended animation. List three important functions of bacteria: 4
In the space below, construct a table illustrating the three types of symbiosis discussed in class and the relative effect (+, -, or 0) in the host and symbiont. What is a heterocyst used for? How does a person contract Lyme disease? List a real world example of bacteria being used in bioremediation. Which of the following characters listed below do all Protists share? Unicellular multicellular photosynthetic parasitic eukaryotic Name the protozoan that causes beaver fever. Which of the following do all algae have in common: Unicellular multicellular photosynthetic parasitic eukaryotic Name the organism that causes African sleeping sickness. Name the location in the host s body where this parasite lives. Name the vector of this disease. Name the vector of malaria. Name the parasitic protozoan which causes malaria. In the life cycle of malaria, where does sexual reproduction occur?. Describe the process of conjugation in a Paramecium. 5
Describe locomotion in each of the following protozoans: Trypanosoma Paramecium Amoeba When does an amoeba use phagocytosis? Name the organism responsible for primary amoebic meningitis in Texas. List the three informal groups of members of the kingdom protista. Name the organism responsible for amoebic dysentery What is the function of a contractile vacuole? are algae with tests made of silica. are large algae also known as seaweeds. Their bodies (sometimes called a ) are constructed of a, which anchors to the substrate; an elongated and broad (analogous to the leaves of plants). is an important food additive extracted from the red algae. algae are thought to be the ancestors of terrestrial plants. In Spirogyra, the chloroplasts are shaped; hence the name of the genus! These algae are also able to reproduce sexually by the formation of the which connects two algal filaments together allowing fertilization to occur. List the material found in the cell wall of most fungi Describe a saprophyte Define mycelium Define hyphae 6
A hyphae with no septa is known as. The study of fungi is known as. Which of the following is the most important role of a mushroom s underground mycelium? sexual reproduction coenocytic vigor asexual reproduction anchorage absorbing nutrients are the sexual structures produced in Rhizopus stolonifer. These are the result of the fusion of the. The spores are produced in structures called which are borne atop a. The mycelium is anchored into the substrate by modified root-like hyphae called. In Peziza, the fruiting body is known as a. Inside, there are many sac-like structures called that produce the. Coprinus mushrooms produce a fruiting body known as a. Many hang underneath the cap. On each of these, there are many tiny clubshaped structures called that produce the. What is a fairy ring? List the three types of lichens A lichen represents a (form of symbiosis) between a and a. What are mycorrhizae and how are they beneficial? How is yeast important to the baking and brewing industry? Name the phylum to which each belong: Rhizpous Coprinus mushroom _ Peziza cup fungus 7