Manchester Community College Social Sciences Division Introduction to Geography Lecture 7, 8, 9, and 10 Cultural Geography Adjunct Lecturer: Donald J. Poland, MS, AICP E-mail: dpoland@mcc.commnet.edu Web: www.donaldpoland.com Chapter 7 Components of Culture Interaction of People & Environment Culture is learned, not biological A complexly interlocked web of behaviors Culture traits Culture complexes Culture regions Culture realm Environmental Determinism Possibilism Cultural landscapes The earth s surface as modified by human action www.donaldpoland.com 3 www.donaldpoland.com 4
Subsystems of Culture Culture Change The Technological Subsystem Artifacts The Sociological Subsystems Sociofacts The Ideological Subsystems Mentifacts Innovation Spatial Diffusion Syncretism Fusion of New and Old Acculturation Amalgamation theory Melting Pot Assimilation When Complete www.donaldpoland.com 5 www.donaldpoland.com 6 Language Language & Culture Language families Indo-European, etc. Language spread & change Word meaning, pronunciation, vocabulary, & syntax Standard & variant languages Dialects Gender differences Language as a unifying force Bilingualism / Multilingualism www.donaldpoland.com 7 www.donaldpoland.com 8
Religion Classification of Religions Dominant in some societies, less so in others Affects social roles, economics, politics, etc. Universalizing Seek to transmit beliefs to others Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Ethnic Strong territorial & cultural ties Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto Tribal or Traditional Small, ethnic religions www.donaldpoland.com 9 www.donaldpoland.com 10 Judaism Christianity Monotheistic Ethnic religion Origins in Southwest Asia about 3,000-3,500 years ago Dispersion after 1 st century AD (CE) Known as the Diaspora Synagogues are centers of worship Origins in Southwest Asia 2,000 years ago Grounded in Jewish religious beliefs Universalizing; grew rapidly Split by dissolution of the Roman Empire Reformation in the 15 th & 16 th centuries www.donaldpoland.com 11 www.donaldpoland.com 12
Islam Hinduism Judeo-Christian roots Mohammed lived in the early 7 th century in modern-day Saudi Arabia Islamic calendar begins in 622 AD with the flight to Medina (Hegira) Five Pillars Koran Should be read in Arabic Succession disputes led to Sunni / Shi ite split Sunnis account for 80-85% of Muslims Worship centered on the mosque Possibly 5,000 years old 1 billion adherents 80% of Indians Spread into Southeast Asia No single creed or doctrine Caste system Dharma A lot of rites, ceremonies, festivals, and gatherings Temples & shrines are important www.donaldpoland.com 13 www.donaldpoland.com 14 Buddhism Ethnicity Began in the 6 th century BC in what is now northern India Siddhartha Gautama was the Buddha, Enlightened One Four noble truths Universalizing Spread to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, Korea, & Japan Refers to the ancestry of people who share some common characteristic Language, religion, race, national origin, customs Territorial segregation www.donaldpoland.com 15 www.donaldpoland.com 16
Gender & Culture Culture Realms Gender is a social term, not biological Greatly affected by culture Traditional roles changed by industrial revolution & modern society Regionally discrete areas that are more alike internally than they are like other realms www.donaldpoland.com 17 www.donaldpoland.com 18 Distance & Spatial Interaction Spatial Interaction Spatial Interaction Distance decay Critical distance Chapter 8 www.donaldpoland.com 20
Barriers to Interaction Individual Activity Space Distance Cost Physical environment Culture Religion, language, gender, political systems Psychological Territoriality Activity space Mental Maps Stage in Life Mobility Opportunities www.donaldpoland.com 21 www.donaldpoland.com 22 Diffusion & Innovation Spatial Interaction & Technology Contagious diffusion Hierarchical diffusion Automobiles Telecommunications www.donaldpoland.com 23 www.donaldpoland.com 24
Migration Barriers to Migration A relocation of both residential environment and activity space The decision to migrate Push factors Pull factors Place utility Migration issues Anti-immigration laws Physical barriers Economic barriers Cost factors Cultural factors Political barriers www.donaldpoland.com 25 www.donaldpoland.com 26 Patterns of Migration Globalization Migration fields Channelized patterns Return migration Hierarchical migration The increasing interconnection of all parts of the world Economic Integration International banking Transnational corporations (TNCs) Global marketing Political Integration Supranationalism Nongovernmental organizations News media & Internet Cultural Integration www.donaldpoland.com 27 www.donaldpoland.com 28
States, Nations, & Nation-States Chapter 9 Political Geography State Nation Nation-State Binational or multinational state Part-nation state Stateless nation Political Geography www.donaldpoland.com 30 Geographic Characteristics of States Boundaries Size Shape Compact Elongated Prorupt Fragmented Perforated Location Cores & Capitals Core areas Primate cities Unitary states Federal states Forward-thrust capitals Natural (physical) boundaries Artificial (geometric) boundaries Antecedent boundary Subsequent boundary Consequent boundary Superimposed boundary www.donaldpoland.com 31 www.donaldpoland.com 32
Boundaries as Sources of Conflict Centripetal Forces Landlocked states Waterbodies Minority-group identification Resource disputes Nationalism Unifying Institutions Organization & Administration Transportation & Communication www.donaldpoland.com 33 www.donaldpoland.com 34 Centrifugal Forces Cooperation Among States Organized religion Nationalism Subnationalism Regionalism Devolution Supranationalism United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Territorial Seas Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) High Seas www.donaldpoland.com 35 www.donaldpoland.com 36
Regional Alliances The Geography of Representation Economic Alliances European Union (EU) NAFTA ASEAN Military & Political Alliances NATO Warsaw Pact Commonwealth of Nations Organization of American States (OAS) Electoral geography Redistricting Voting rights & race Gerrymandering Stacked, excess vote, & wasted vote methods www.donaldpoland.com 37 www.donaldpoland.com 38 Classification of Economic Activities Chapter 10 Economic Geography Primary activities Hunting, gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining Secondary activities Manufacturing Tertiary activities Services Quaternary activities Processing & dissemination of information Quinary activities High-level decision-making jobs www.donaldpoland.com 40
Types of Economic Systems Agriculture Subsistence economies Commercial economies Planned economies The growing of crops & the tending of livestock www.donaldpoland.com 41 www.donaldpoland.com 42 Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture Extensive Subsistence Agriculture Nomadic herding Transhumance Shifting cultivation Swidden or shifting cultivation Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Rice farming Urban farming Green Revolution gains Production Controls Von Thünen Model Land near markets is used intensively for high-value crops & is divided into small units Land far from markets is used extensively Intensive Commercial Agriculture (Large Investment Near Market) Dairy & truck farms Livestock-grain farming Extensive Commercial Agriculture (Far from Market Cheap Land) Large-scale wheat farming Livestock ranching Special Crops (Climate Not distance to market) Mediterranean Plantations www.donaldpoland.com 43 www.donaldpoland.com 44
Other Primary Activities Geography & Public Policy Fishing & Forestry Mining & Quarrying Public Land, Private Profit (Page 365) Do you believe the 1872 mining law should be repealed? Would you propose to prohibit outright sales to mining companies? Do you think that cleanup and other charges paid for by the public balance the capitol investment and job creation of these companies? Do you favor continued state and federal restrictions on mining operations, even at the cost of jobs and community economies? www.donaldpoland.com 45 www.donaldpoland.com 46 Manufacturing Transnational Corporations (TNCs) Industrial Location Models Least Cost Theory Alfred Weber Agglomeration Other Considerations Fordist vs. flexible manufacturing Transport Characteristics Agglomeration Economies External economies Comparative Advantage Many of the world s largest economies are corporations 75 million employees 10% of worldwide, nonagrarian employment www.donaldpoland.com 47 www.donaldpoland.com 48
Geography & Public Policy World Manufacturing Patterns & Trends Contests and Bribery Do you think it is appropriate to spend public money to attract new employment to your state or community? Why or why not? If yes, what kinds of inducements and what total amount offered per job seems appropriate to you? Small number of areas dominate Eastern Anglo America Western & Central Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Asia www.donaldpoland.com 49 www.donaldpoland.com 50 High Tech Patterns Tertiary & Beyond Major factor in employment growth & an increasing share of industrial output Regionally concentrated Silicon Valley Location tendencies Proximity to universities Avoidance of areas with strong unions Locally available venture capital Areas with favorable quality of life Good communication & transportation infrastructure www.donaldpoland.com 51 Over 80% of all workers in U.S. Distribution of services must match effective demand Tourism an important sector Quaternary & Quinary increasingly important www.donaldpoland.com 52
Services in World Trade CT & Economic Development Nearly ¼ of all world trade Financial, brokerage, & leasing services Developing countries can benefit Foreign Direct Investment www.donaldpoland.com 53 www.donaldpoland.com 54