Ecosystems Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 1-4: Thursday, November 16, 2017 Life Science Grade 6 Textbook: p. 1-105 Write down the definitions of the following: (All vocabulary terms can be found on textbook pages 130-133) Abiotic factors altitude biodegradable biodiversity biome biotic factors birth rate camouflage canopy carbon-oxygen cycle carrying capacity cell respiration chlorophyll climate combustion commensalism community competition coniferous conservation consumer cooperation cycle death rate deciduous decomposer deforestation desert desertification dormancy ecosystem endangered species energy pyramid enzyme extinction food chain food web fossil fuels grassland habitat habitat destruction herbivore hibernation hydropower invasive species land reclamation limiting factor migration mitochondrion mutualism native species nature preserve natural resources niche nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation nocturnal nodule omnivore parasitism permafrost photosynthesis pioneer species population population density population growth population size predator prey primary succession producer recycle reduce reuse salinization savannah scavenger solar energy species stomata sustainable development symbiosis taiga temperate forest threatened species transpiration tropical rain forest tundra water cycle Sec. 1.1 An Organism of an Ecosystem Meets Its Needs (p.4-9) 1.) Circle the letter of the correct definition for population (p. 4): a.) All the animals in a forest make up a population. b.) All the plants in a forest make up a population. c.) All the organisms of one species that live in the same place at the same time. d.) All the organisms in an area at the same place and the same time. 2.) Soil is a combination of & factors. (p.6) 3.) List 4 abiotic and 4 biotic factors of an ecosystem. (p.5/6) 4.) Circle which of the following is an example of an ecosystem: a forest, a group of rabbits, plants & fungus, birds & trees. 5.) List the correct order of organization of an ecosystem (p.5):
Sec. 1.2 Ecosystems Change Continuously 6.) Write the equation for population density (p.10) 7.) Compare population size to carrying capacity. (p.10-11) 8.) Define limiting factor. (p.13) a.) List 3 limiting factors. 9.) Fill in primary (P) or secondary (S) succession for each example (p. 16-17): a.) Volcanic eruption that destroys everything leaving only bare rock is followed by b.) A forest fire burn bushes and trees to the ground, but see remains in the soil c.) The top of a mountain where nothing has grown before followed by 10.) Droughts can increase the likelihood of wildfires which attack oak & pine trees and threaten many more trees, however, the damage is usually superficial. Name the type of disturbance fire causes in this situation and how the ecosystem gradually recovers. Be specific & possibly draw a picture. (p. 17) 11.) Ecosystem disturbance and Succession (p.16-17) Fill the diagram with these words: volcanic eruption, pioneer species, forest fire, soil formation, ecosystem restoration, & presence of an ecosystem. Primary Succession Secondary Succession
Sec 1.3 Interactions among Organisms (p.20-27) 12.) A few examples of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism (p.24-26) Name the type of symbiosis for each of the following: a. An insect sucks fluid from a plant for food & it harms the plant: b. A bee feeds on a flower s nectar & pollinates the flowers by visiting many flowers: c. A bird feeds on the bugs a cow stirs up as it grazes on grass: d. Mistletoe sucks up the nutrients of the tree it grows upon: e. An aphid drinks up the nectar on the leaf it inhabits gradually using up all the leaf: f. An ant protects an aphid and the aphid gives nectar to the ant: 13.) Name two ways organisms with the same prey avoid competition. (p.22-23) 14.) Lions use less energy when they use to obtain food. (p. 21) 15.) How would predators killing the weakest prey (like lions killing the weakest wildebeest) help improve the prey population over time? (p. 20-21) 16.) Define Symbiosis (p. 23) 17.) Symbiosis (p.23-24) Fill the diagram with these words: harms one species; benefits one species; one species is unaffected; symbiosis; mistletoe & host tree Parasitism Commensalism
18.) Fill the diagram with these words: harms one species; benefits both species; symbiosis; ant & aphid Parasitism Mutualism Sec 2.1 Transfer of Energy through Food Webs (p.36-43) 19.) Give 1 example for each (p.36-38): a.) Primary consumer b.) Secondary consumer c.) Scavenger 20.) Explain how energy flows in a food chain. Draw an energy pyramid and write the available energy to each level.(p.39) 21.) Compare the roles of decomposers and scavengers. (p. 38-39) 22. Define the types of consumers: herbivore, omnivore, & carnivore (p.37)
23. Bacteria and termites are types of (p.38) 24. Food Web: Use the diagram below to answer the following questions: (p.42-43) a.) Explain the affect each animal in the following food web would have on the others if its population increased. b.) Describe the role of the vulture. c.) Describe what would happen if there was no sunlight for a month. d.) What trophic level does the Tiger occupy? 25. The following diagram represents a food web. Foxes Owls Birds Rabbits Mice Grasshoppers Carrots Grasses Grains a. What trophic level do foxes occupy in this food web? b. Which organisms are omnivores? c. What would happen to the mice population if the owl population disappeared? d. Which organism obtains energy directly from the sun?
Sec. 2.2 Cycling of Matter (p.44-49) 26. The parts of the water cycle (p.45) Word bank: transpiration, evaporation (2x), precipitate (2x), condensation, infiltration 27. What would happen to plants if there was a decrease in the amount of sunlight? What would happen to the rate of photosynthesis? (p.52) 28. The parts of the carbon cycle (p.46-47): Word bank: Combustion, respiration, decomposition, diffusion, photosynthesis, CO2 to air or extraction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
29. Explain how the death of an organism enriches the soil with nutrients (p.49) Chapters 2.2-3.3 Short answer: Use the textbook pages listed to answer the following questions. 30. How do animals participate in the water cycle? (p. 45) 31. What is the process called that describes the loss of water vapor from a plant s leaves? (p.45) 32. What kind of nitrogen can living organisms NOT use? (p.48) 33. Where do plants take in usable nitrogen? (p.49) 34. What process allows for nitrogen to cycle between living and non-living things? Explain how it works. (p.49) 35. The plant in the picture is using photosynthesis; why is water essential for this process? What happens to the sugar produced during photosynthesis? Which plant part helps it obtain nutrients? (p.52-54) 36. List the products of photosynthesis (what is made). (p. 53) 37. List the reactants of photosynthesis (what goes into the plant) (p.53) 38. What gas is released by a decomposer? (p.54) 39. The carbon in dead and decaying organisms is released into the atmosphere as what gas? (p.54) 40. List the products (what is made) of cellular respiration. (p. 57) 41. List the reactants (what is used) of cellular respiration (p.57) 42. How do plants get the energy needed during the night? (p. 57)
43. Which of the biomes has very short winter days with little light? (p.70) 44. What kind of plants grow in the tundra? Why can t trees grow in the tundra? (p.71) 45. How do thick layers of fat and fur help animals survive in the tundra? (p.72) What adaptation allows bears to go months without food or water? 46. List 3 animals that live in the taiga biome and explain why they are well-adapted to their environment. (p.75) 47. What are the two seasons of the grassland biome? (p.76) 48. What are TWO reasons why so few trees grow in grasslands. (p.77) 49. List 2 animals and 2 plants of the grassland biome. (p.78) 50. What characterizes the temperate forest biome? (p. 86) 51. Which of the biomes is closest to the equator? (p.89) 52. Why do many rain forest animals live in the tree canopy? (p.91) 53. Give 2 reasons why the soil in a tropical rainforest is nutrient poor and give two ways plants adapt to this soil type. (p.90) 54. List 3 adaptations a plant might have as a result of dim light (p.90) 55. List 3 adaptations a plant might have as a result of a humid (water-rich) environment. (p. 90) 56. Would you expect to find a tree with broad leaves in the rainforest biome or a desert? Explain.(p.81 & p.90) True/False: Fill in the blanks with true (+) or false (o). If the statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Most deserts have soil that contains gravel, pebbles, and small rocks. (p.80) The Arabian Desert in the Middle East is almost entirely covered with sand. (p.80) All deserts are hot all year round. (p.80) Winter snow is common in cold deserts. (p.80) Use the figure to answer the following question:
What elevation is likely the coldest and windiest? Chapter 4: Human Influence on the Ecosystem (p.98-129) True/False: Fill in the blanks with true (+) or false (o). (p. 104) Cutting down a large number of trees can: decrease in carbon dioxide and methane levels in the atmosphere reduce animal biodiversity reduce the size of farm land increase in atmospheric oxygen make more land available for buildings cause the loss of valuable plants and animals increase the amount of methane gas in the air leading to the greenhouse effect Short Answer: 57. List 2 reasons for the increase in the human population. (p.98-99) 58. What type of pollution does burning fossil fuels cause? (p.100) 59. How do fossil fuels harm humans and ecosystems? (p.100-101) 60. What effect does methane gas contribute to? (p.100) 61. List two sources of pollution that result from burning fossil fuels, other than vehicles. (p.100) 62. Explain where most water is utilized & give the percentages. (p.101) 63. List 3 reasons why forests are cleared around the world. (p.102)
64. What can cutting down a large number of trees to build a tourist resort cause? (p.101 & 104) 65. Explain why invasive species reproduce so fast in a new area and give a few examples. (p.105) 66. Give an example of a natural change that leads to species extinction. (p.104) Fill in the blank: Use the pages listed to fill in the blanks. 67. production has worldwide in the last 40 years & is responsible for % of greenhouse gases, such as & nitrous oxide. (p.100) 68. is a limited resource on earth even though most of the Earth s surface is mostly water because most of it is unusable salt water of frozen in glaciers. (p.101) 69. The accumulation of salt in soil (salinization) may lead to as a result of prolonged droughts,, & tree removal. (p.103) 70. Habitat like cutting down trees leads to a significant decline in many species because their homes are destroyed.