. Converers
Dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk 4 e lne lne D D 3 C v v [] e e D D 4 4 5 5 Fgure.: A sngle-phase dode recfer wh a capacve DC lnk. [s] Fgure.: ne-o-neural volage and DC sde volage for a sngle-phase dode recfer wh a capacve DC lnk. eˆ eˆ cos( ω) d cos( ω ) d( ω) eˆ T π π T π π E π lne [A] 5 5 lne,pk [A] 5 5 5 5 [s] 3 6 9 5 8 f [Hz] Fgure.3: ne curren (lef) and s frequency specru (rgh), for a sngle-phase dode recfer wh a capacve DC lnk.
Dode recfer wh nducve DC lnk e lne lne D D D 3 D 4 Fgure.4: A sngle-phase dode recfer wh an nducve DC lnk. v lne [A] 8 6 4 4 6 8.5..5. [s] e /5 Fgure.5: ne curren for a sngle-phase dode recfer wh an nducve DC lnk. 8 lne,pk (f) [A] 6 4 3 6 9 5 8 f [Hz] Fgure.5: ne curren frequency specru for a sngle-phase dode recfer wh an nducve DC lnk.
The hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk (I) e lne lne D D 4 D 3 D 5 C D 6 D Fgure.6: A hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk. v v [] 6 4 4 e ST e RS 6.5..5. [s] Fgure.7: DC sde volage for a hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk. e TR eˆ 3 eˆ cos( ω) d 6 cos( ω) d( ω) E T 6 π π T 6 π 6 π 6
lne [A] The hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk (II) 75 5 5 5 5 75.5..5. [s] Fgure.8: ne curren (R-phase)for a hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk. lne,pk (f) [A] 5 5 5 3 6 9 5 8 f [Hz] Fgure.8: ne curren frequency specru for a hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk. 6 4 e RS v [] e ST e TR 4 6.5..5. Fgure.7: DC sde volage for a hree-phase dode recfer wh capacve DC lnk. [s]
Three-phase hyrsor recfer wh nducve DC lnk e lne lne T T 4 T 3 T 5 T 6 T v Fgure.9: Three-phase hyrsor recfer wh an nducve DC lnk. eˆ π 6+ α ˆ cos( ω ) 6 e 6T 6 d T π π 6+ α 3 E π cos( α) P Q 3E 3E I lne, I lne, cos( α) cos( α) sn( α) cos( ω ) d ( ω) 3 P I E π I cos( α) P 3 π 3EIlne, cos( α) EI cos( α) Ilne, 6 I π I lne, k I kπ sn kπ 3
HDC, T T 3 T 5 lne, lne, e v r r e r lne,r lner,r T T 3 T 5 v r T 4 T 6 T v cable,r v cable, Cable T 4 T 6 T Fgure.: Prncpal scheac of a HDC power ranssson syse. 6 6 v,r [k] 4 α e ST,r e RS,r e TR,r v, [k] 4 α e ST, e RS, e TR, 4 4 6.5..5. [s] 6.5..5. Fgure.: ne-o-lne volages, DC sde volage and conrol angles for he recfer (lef) and nverer (rgh) of an HDC ranssson syse. [s]
3 HDC Converer Currens 3 lne,r [ka] lne, [ka] 3.5..5. 3.5..5. [s] [s].5.5 lne,r,pk (f) [ka].5 lne,,pk (f) [ka].5.5.5 3 6 9 5 8 3 6 9 5 8 f [Hz] Fgure.: R-phase lne curren (op) and s specru (boo) for he recfer of an HDC ranssson syse. f [Hz] Fgure.3: R-phase lne curren (op) and s specru (boo) for he nverer of an HDC ranssson syse.
Couaon Overlap 3 T T,r [ka] v,r [k] T3 µ 9.5 9.7 9.9 9. 9.3 9.5 65 6 55 5 45 e ST,r [s] 4 µ 35 9.5 9.7 9.9 9. 9.3 9.5 [s] e TR,r Fgure.4: Couaon curren (op) and volage (boo) for he recfer. The lne nducance deernes he couaon e, and herefore resuls n a loss of average volage r cos( α) 3 cos( α) X π lne I 3 cos( α) ω π lne cos( α) R I r I
Praccal HDC nsallaons T T 3 T 5 C fdc Y Y fdc T 4 T 6 T v v cable T T 3 T 5 C Ar C fac fac Y D fdc T 4 T 6 T C fdc Fgure.5: Realsc scheac of an HDC power saon.
The Buck Converer (Sep-Down Converer) Fgure.6: Buck converer. S on load v d d load DT sw S off d load load v d ( D) T sw Fgure.7: Ideal wavefors of he Buck converer.
The Boos Converer (Sep-Up Converer) Fgure.8: Boos converer. S on d d v v n S n n DT sw S off d d v v n D ou n ou n ou ( D) T sw Fgure.7: Ideal wavefors of he Boos converer. Replace and load of he Buck converer wh ou and n
The Buck-Boos Converer (Half-Brdge) Fgure.9: Buck-boos converer. S on load v d d load DT sw S off d load load v d ( D) T sw Fgure.7: Ideal wavefors of he Buck-boos converer.
Dode recfer wh Power Facor Correcor lne lne D D 3 e C v D D 4 Sngle-phase dode recfer wh power facor correcor (PFC). 35-35 (4:+)- (4:-) 3A A A A SE>> s s 4s 6s 8s s s 4s 6s 8s s I() Te ne-o-neural volage (op) and recfed lne curren (boo) for a dode recfer equpped wh PFC.
SC Based HDC e R l l C cable cable C l R l e Cable Fgure.3 Basc SC based HDC power ranssson nerconnecon. P nverer e q I q,nv,ref + PI + +,ref + - e q + I C,ref I q,,ref I q,ref Fgure.3 DC bus volage conroller for SC based HDC. f D Y l C C f f3 C f3 cable C f f Fgure.3 Realsc SC based HDC lgh converer saon.
Effec of DSP Conroller Delay p, p r [MW] 5 5 5 5.5.5.75.5.5.75 [s] Fgure.33 Inverer AC sde power (black) and recfer AC sde power (grey). 35 v [k] 3 75 5...3.4.5.6 [s] Fgure.34 Recfer DC sde volage.
5 Converer Currens for SC Based HDC 5 lne, conv [A] 5 5 lne, conv [A] 5 5 5...3.4.5.6 5 [s] 5.5..5. 6 [s] lne, conv [A] 5 5 5...3.4.5.6 [s] lne,pk (f), conv,pk (f) [A] 5 4 3 65 75 85 95 5 5 5 f [Hz] Fgure.35 ne curren (black) and converer curren (grey) for he recfer (op) and lne curren (black) and converer curren (grey) for he nverer (boo) durng load power ncrease. Fgure.36 ne curren (black) and converer curren (grey) for he nverer (op) and lne curren specru (black) and converer curren specru (grey) for he nverer a frequences close o swchng frequency (boo).
General SMPS Fgure.: Prncpal scheac of a swch-ode power supply.
The aboraory Flyback Converer F +5 C DC C T- GD C DC C -5 Flyback converer wh npu fler, nrush curren laon, dode recfer, lnk capacors, power MOSFET, ransforer, oupu fler and hree snubber crcus. The conroller crcus are no ncluded n he crcu.
The Flyback Converer Fgure.3: Prncpal scheac of a flyback converer. Only he devces needed o undersand he operaon are ncluded.
The swch-ransforer Fgure.: Prncpal ransforer wh co-ordnaed reference drecons arked. ( ) ( ) Φ Φ Ψ Φ Φ Ψ d d d d d d e v d d d d d d e v v v v v Φ Φ v v R v v R v v R Fgure.: The equvalen crcu of a ransforer. oe ha he wndng ressances have been negleced. In he full equvalen crcu hey show up n seres wh he leakage nducances, λ and λ. The core loss equvalen ressance has also been oed. Ths s locaed n parallel o he agnezng nducance.
The Flyback Converer Fgure.3: Prncpal scheac of a flyback converer. Only he devces needed o undersand he operaon are ncluded.
Flyback Converer - Operaon Fgure.4: The flyback converer when he swch S s closed. Snce he ransforer s agnezed fro he prary n hs case, he agnezng nducance s placed on he prary. d d () ( ) + ( ) > Fgure.5: The flyback converer when he swch S s open. Snce he ransforer s deagnezed fro he secondary, he agnezng nducance s placed on he secondary. d C > d C () ( ) ( )
Power Seconducor olage Sress Fgure.3: Prncpal scheac of a flyback converer. Only he devces needed o undersand he operaon are ncluded. S on : D,ax + C S off : + ( + ) S,ax DC D( O ) C
Ideal Wavefors The energy sored n he ransforer Core s conserved (durng swchngs),, ax,ax W, ax, ax, ax The duy cycle s calculaed fro he curren changes Fgure.6: Wavefors for deal operaon of a flyback converer., ax and, n T p sw, n, ax C + + C C p ( T ) sw p
The Forward Converer Fgure.7: Prncpal scheac of a forward converer. Only he devces needed o undersand he operaon are ncluded. oe ha n hs scheac a zener dode s conneced across he prary, whch s rarely used n pracce.
Forward Converer - Operaon () ( ) ( ) d d > + load + + + () ( ) ( ) d d Z Z > Fgure.8: The forward converer wh he splfed ransforer equvalen ncluded.
Power Seconducor olage Sress Fgure.7: Prncpal scheac of a forward converer. Only he devces needed o undersand he operaon are ncluded. oe ha n hs scheac a zener dode s conneced across he prary, whch s rarely used n pracce. S off : + S,ax Z D, ax Z
Ideal Wavefors Fgure.9: Wavefors for deal operaon of a forward converer. The duy cycle s calculaed fro he fac ha he energy sored n he ransforer core s conserved (durng swchngs) ( ) p ax, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p sw Z p sw sw T T T Z Z sw p T + oe ha when S s on: load + + +