Mycorrhiza Fungus + Plant Host (Root) Two fungi commonly Use in ectomycorrhiza Research. Laccaria bicolor Pisolithus tinctorius
Flowering Plants and mycorrhizal fungi http://mycorrhizas.info/evol.html#intro
http://www.mykorhizy.webpark.cz/morphology.htm for beautiful mycorrhizae!
Ericoid mycorrhizae help ericaceous plants survive on sites with slow decomposition (bogs, arctic, sand, etc.) Ericoid mycorrhiza of salal, Gaultheria shallon. Dark blobs are masses of fungal hyphae in cortical cells of root. Hyphae up to 80% of mass of root, but do not penetrate cell membrane. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
Ericaceous mycorrhizas Ericaceae often grow in nutrient-poor, acidic soils; these plants have unusually fine roots Ericoid type with endophytic mycobiont forming intracellular hyphal coils in epidermal cells with members of tribes Ericeae, Vaccineae, Rhododendreae, Calluneae Ascomycetous and Basidiomycetous fungi
Cortinarius aureifolius Arbutoid mycorrhizae Arctostaphylos Arbutus root with Hartig net (arrows), coils (C) and mantle (M) of stained or unstained hyphae.
Orchid mycorrhizas Two types of mycobionts associated with orchids (Glomeromycota/Basidiomycota) Intracellular mycobiont forms hyphal coils (pelotons) and supplies seedling with carbon during heterotrophic state Mature plants of nonchlorophyllous plants form second type of mycorrhiza with Basidiomycota that form mantle and Hartig net
Pelotons inside root cells of mature orchids; hyphal coils break down to release nutrients to the plant cell
Ectomycorrhiza Hyphae that extend into Substrate (soil, littler, et.
What plants and fungi form ectomycorrhizae? Ectomycorrhizae are found on woody plants ranging from shrubs to forest trees. Many of the host plants belong to the families Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae and Myrtaceae. Over 6,000 fungus species, belonging primarily to the Basidiomycotina, fewer to the Ascomycotina and very few to the Zygomycota, are known to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce mushrooms and puffballs on the forest floor. Some fungi have a narrow host range, such as Boletus betulicola on Betula spp., while others have very broad host range, such as Pisolithus arhizus (also called P. tinctorius) which forms ectomycorrhiza with more than 46 tree species belonging to at least eight genera). http://mycorrhizas.info/ecmf.html#list
Zygomycota - Endogone sporocarp zygospore Ectomycorrhizal former Dispersed by small mammals
Ectomycorrhizae
Truffle - hypogeous ascus ascospores Tuber fertile area brown, sterile area white, produces pugent odor when mature Ascocarp produced underground, fertile area Enclosed, change in ascus structure, loss of spore discharge, animal dispersal
Elaphomyces deer truffle Hypogeous a second lineage! ectomycorrhiza ascus spores Dry spore mass when mature
hyphae < hyphae thickened, short, roots
Ectomycorrhizal Root Cross Section 1. fungus mantel 2. hartig net 3. root cortext 4. stele (xylem & phloem) < Hartig net (arrows) Fungus mantel Hartig Net & Mantel stele corte x
Root Cross Sections with Ectomycorrihza Mantel Hartig Net
Monotropoid Mycorrhizae Monotropa root with epidermal Hartig net (H) and mantle (M) in a cross-section viewed with UV light. Some hypha project into epidermal cells. Root mass of an Indianpipe. The plant's short thick roots clearly are not well suited for nutrient capture. Ectomycorrhizal root tips and fungus rhizomorphs also can be seen. Photo by Steve Trudell.
Benefits of Mycorrhiza for plants: Enhanced plant efficiency in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Reducing fertility and irrigation requirements. Increased drought resistance Increased pathogen resistance/protection. Enhancing plant health and vigor, and minimizing stress. Enhanced seedling growth. Enhanced rooting of cuttings. Enhanced plant transplant establishment. Improved phytoremediation of petroleum and heavy metal contaminated sites.
Pisolithus tinctorius
ectomycorrhiza
Late Cretaceous (100.5 66 Ma); Palaeogene (65.5 ± 0.3 to 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma)