Methods for sampling emissions of Dioxins, Mercury and Heavy Metals
Outline of the session: Sampling using the Standard Reference Method Continuous sampling
Dioxins Furans
What are dioxins and dioxin-like compounds? PCDDs PCDFs PCBs 7 of the 75 PCDDs are specifically toxic 10 of 135 congeners have dioxin-like properties 12 have dioxin-like properties The reference congener is the most toxic dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) which per definition has a Toxic Equivalence Factor of one. The group does NOT include 1,4 dioxin C 4 H 4 O 2
Sampling according to EN1948-1:2006 Determination of the Mass Concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs EN1948 Standard reference method for emissions monitoring
Sampling according to EN1948-4:2007 Determination of the Mass Concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Sampling and analysis of dioxin-like PCBs Modified method for PCBs
Why monitor dioxin emissions? May be produced in emissions from Waste incinerators Cement plants Steel mills Forest fires, burning cars Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) A suspect human carcinogens (US-EPA) Long lifetime in the environment Are difficult to break down
EN1948-1 Sample train diagram
EN1948-1 sample train using Isostack G4
EN14385 sample train with Isostack G4
Isostack G4 automatic isokinetic sampler with heated probe and box
Features of an automatic isokinetic sampler Duct survey - suggests nozzle size based upon gas velocity and temperature profile Calculates probe insertion depths based upon stack dimensions During sampling - maintains isokinetic velocity at the nozzle Alters the operator when the probe must be moved Logs sampling data
Stored data about the stack Time/date Stack i.d Stack Diameter Gas composition Water content Nozzle diameter # of ports and points Insertion depths
Stored data at each point Stack temperature max, min, average Probe temperature Heated box temperature Condenser temperature Ice box temperature DGM temperature Stack gas velocity max, min, average Stack pressure Sample line pressure Sample flow rate Isokinetic deviation Stack flow rate (actual) Stack flow rate (ref)
Stored data in summary Sample volume at STP Sample volume at DGM conditions Stack differential pressure Ambient pressure DGM encoder impulses DGM pressure Dry and wet actual duct flow rate Dry and wet standard flow rate
Report transferred as XML file that can be displayed in a spreadsheet sample of data displayed here AVERAGE VALUES Total Points [#] 13 [9.766; Velocity v'a [ m / sec ] 21.089 22.983] [42.755; Stack temperature t a [ C] 57.651 70.292] [102.027; Stack Static Pressure P a static [kpa] 102.07 102.123] [-1.000; Isokinetic Deviation DI [%] 0.064 0.866] [-72.414; Probe temperature t probe [ C] 28.122 111.067] [7.290; Box temperature t box [ C] 24.057 40.922] [135.334; Aux1 temperature t aux1 [ C] 147.142 156.379] DUCT FLOW RATE [53579; Dry actual QV a [ m3 / h ] 115705 126089] [113257; Moist actual Q'V a [ m3 / h ] 116874 119747] [93952; Moist standard [T norm P norm ] Q'V n [ m3 / h ] 97285 102860] [93013; Dry standard [T norm P norm ] QV n [ m3 / h ] 96312 101831] [181.497; Aux2 temperature t aux2 [ C] 201.133 217.734] [134.667; Stack Differential Pitot Pressure dp pitot [Pa] 314.017 385.312] [102.142; Ambient Pressure P amb [kpa] 102.142 102.142]
Quality control of sampling systems Uncertainty of data from sampling and analysis has high uncertainty. Control of sensors in sampling systems is crucial Each instrument has UKAS traceable annual checks of DGM, pressure and temperature sensors In-house checks of sensors periodically G4 will store these corrections and recalibrations. Calibration report is exported in XML format
Proposed EN1948-5 A standard for long-term sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. DECS systems manufactured by Tecora Dozens supplied in Europe in the last 5 years Several plants with multiple units installed France, Italy, Finland, USA Incinerators, Steel Plants, Cement Plants
Dioxin Emissions Continuous Sampler Control Unit Sampling Unit
Parallel Sampling two CU and two SU
Display to program settings
Set sampling duration or volume
Display during operation
Sidestream sampling for Hg and heavy metals
Summary of Tecora capabilities Automatic sampler used by stack team for QAL2 checks Comprehensive report of all sampling parameters Long term sampling of dioxins Same high standards of monitoring and reporting of sampling parameters
Our thanks Your questions Stefano Alberti Tecora stefano.alberti@tecora.com Dominic Duggan Quantitech dd@quantitech.co.uk Visit our stand 40 and 41 to discuss your applications