SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI:.8/NGEO79 Intensifiation of landfalling typhoons over the northwest Paifi sine the late 97s Wei Mei and Shang-Ping Xie Supplementary Figures Lifetime peak intensity (m/s) 8 8 7 7 mean 9th perentile m/s 99th perentile m/s 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Temporal evolution of downsaled typhoon lifetime peak intensity. Annual mean value (lak urve), 9th perentile value (red urve), and 99th perentile value (magenta urve) of typhoon lifetime peak intensity as a funtion of time from a oupled downsaling TC model, (see Methods). We sutrated and m s from the red and magenta urves, respetively. Thik dashed lines show linear trends during 98 9. NATURE GEOSCIENCE www.nature.om/naturegeosiene
Numer of at. typhoons Numer of at. typhoons 7 JTWC Adj JMA 97 98 98 99 99 7 97 98 98 99 99 Numer of at. typhoons d Numer of at. typhoons 7 97 98 98 99 99 7 97 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Temporal evolution of annual numer of ategory typhoons. Annual numer of ategory typhoons as a funtion of time for (a) Cluster, () Cluster, () Cluster, and (d) Cluster alulated using the JTWC (lak urve with dots) and adjusted JMA (red urve with irles) data. Thik dashed lines in eah panel show linear trends during 977.
Ratio of at. typhoons.8... Ratio of at. typhoons.8... 97 98 98 99 99 d 97 98 98 99 99 Ratio of at. typhoons.8... Ratio of at. typhoons.8... 97 98 98 99 99 97 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Temporal evolution of the ratio of the annual numer of ategory typhoons to that of all typhoons. Ratio of the annual numer of ategory typhoons to that of all typhoons as a funtion of time for (a) Cluster, () Cluster, () Cluster, and (d) Cluster alulated using the JTWC (lak urve with dots) and adjusted JMA (red urve with irles) data. Thik dashed lines in (a) and () show linear trends during 977.
N N N N N E E E E 8E Peak intensity (m/s) JTWC Adj JMA 97 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Traks and intensity evolution of typhoons in Cluster. As in Fig. of the main text, ut for typhoons in Cluster. Intensifiation rate (m/s/hr)
N N N N N E E E E 8E Peak intensity (m/s) 9 8 7 JTWC Adj JMA 97 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Traks and intensity evolution of typhoons in Cluster. As in Fig. of the main text, ut for typhoons in Cluster. Intensifiation rate (m/s/hr)
Numer of typhoons 8 JTWC Adj JMA Numer of typhoons 8 97 98 98 99 99 97 98 98 99 99 d Numer of typhoons 8 Numer of typhoons 8 97 98 98 99 99 97 98 98 99 99 Supplementary Figure. Temporal evolution of annual numer of typhoons. Annual numer of typhoons as a funtion of time for (a) Cluster, () Cluster, () Cluster, and (d) Cluster alulated using the JTWC (lak urve with dots) and adjusted JMA (red urve with irles) data. Thik dashed lines in eah panel show linear trends during 977.
Intensifiation duration 8 9 JTWC Adj JMA Intensifiation duration 8 9 Intensifiation duration 97 98 98 99 99 8 9 97 98 98 99 99 d Intensifiation duration 97 98 98 99 99 8 9 97 98 98 99 99 7 Supplementary Figure 7. Temporal evolution of typhoon intensifiation duration. Typhoon intensifiation duration as a funtion of time for (a) Cluster, () Cluster, () Cluster, and (d) Cluster alulated using the JTWC (lak urve with dots) and adjusted JMA (red urve with irles) data. Thik dashed lines in (a) and () show linear trends during 977. 7
NN NN NN NN Q E E E E Supplementary Figure 8. Main typhoon intensifiation regions. Geographi distriution of the loations where typhoon intensifiation ours for eah individual group: Cluster (red), Cluster (green), Cluster (lak), and Cluster (lue). Thik olor lines identify the main intensifiation regions used in this study. 8
N N N N E E E E N N N N E E E E N N N N E E E E....7.....7....7...8.....8...7..8.......8. Supplementary Figure 9. Linear trends in various atmospheri and oeani variales. Spatial maps of linear trends in (a) upper oean thermal stratifiation ( C per deade), () 8-hPa vertial wind shear (m s per deade), and () 8-hPa vortiity ( s per deade). The four oxes in olors gradually fading from lak to light grey show the main intensifiation 9 regions of typhoons in the four groups (see Supplementary Fig. 8).
N N 7. N N N N N N... E E E E E E E E Supplementary Figure. Climatologial distriution of upper-oean thermal stratifiation and typhoon-indued SST ooling. (a) Climatologial distriution of temperature differene ( C) etween sea surfae and susurfae (7 m). () Sea surfae ooling ( C) after a omplete mixing of the upper m. The data in use are from WOA (ref. ).
N. N. N N N.... N N N.... E E E E. E E E E. N. d N. N N N.... N N N.... E E E E. E E E E. Supplementary Figure. Correlations etween SSTs and typhoon intensifiation rate. Spatial maps of orrelation oeffiients etween SSTs and typhoon intensifiation rate in eah individual group: (a) Cluster, () Cluster, () Cluster, and (d) Cluster. Contour interval is.. White ontours delineate regions with a orrelation oeffiient signifiant at the. level.
N N N N projeted SST (rp8.) (ºC/deade) E E E E....8.....8... N N N N simulated PI (m/s/deade) E E E E.9.8.7.......... N N N N projeted PI (rp.) (m/s/deade) E E E E.9.8.7.......... d N N N N projeted PI (rp8.) (m/s/deade) E E E E.9.8.7.......... Supplementary Figure. Projeted and simulated trends in SST and potential intensity. Spatial maps of linear trends in (a) projeted SSTs ( C per deade) during under the RCP 8. senario, () simulated potential intensity (m s per deade) during 977, () projeted potential intensity (m s per deade) during under the RCP. senario, and (d) projeted potential intensity (m s per deade) during under the RCP 8. senario. Model spreads, represented as standard deviation, of linear trends in projeted SSTs and potential intensity are shown in Supplementary Fig. d. Note that the projeted potential intensity shows a weak dereasing trend over low latitudes, suggesting Cluster typhoons may not intensify in a warming limate.
N N N N spreads of projeted SST (rp.) (ºC/deade) E E E E....8.....8... N N N N spreads of projeted SST (rp8.) (ºC/deade) E E E E....8.....8... N spreads of projeted PI (rp.) N (m/s/deade) N N.9.8.7...... d N spreads of projeted PI (rp8.) N (m/s/deade) N N.9.8.7........ E E E E E E E E Supplementary Figure. Model spreads in projeted SST and potential intensity trends. Standard deviation of linear trends in (a) projeted SSTs ( C per deade) during under the RCP. senario, () projeted SSTs ( C per deade) during under the RCP 8. senario, () projeted potential intensity (m s per deade) during under the RCP. senario, and (d) projeted potential intensity (m s per deade) during under the RCP 8. senario.
Supplementary Tales Supplementary Tale. Statistis of typhoons in the four groups. (N: numer of ases; R : ratio of the numer of typhoons in eah individual group to that of all typhoons in the entire asin; V s : averaged typhoon lifetime peak intensity; U h : averaged typhoon translation speed; R : ratio of the numer landfalling typhoons to that of typhoons in eah individual group.) JTWC JMA Typhoon group N R V s U h R N R V s U h R (%) (m s ) (m s ) (%) (%) (m s ) (m s ) (%) Cluster 8..9.8 7. 9 7... 77.8 Cluster 7 9. 7.8.8 97...9. 97. Cluster 7..8. 9.7.9 9...9 Cluster 9..7. 7. 8....
Supplementary Tale. Details of the oean omponent of the CMIP models in use Numer Model Name Horizontal Resolution Vertial Levels ACCESS. (/-) BCC-CSM. (/-) BCC-CSM.-M (/-) BNU-ESM (/-) CanESM..9 CCSM. (.7-.) 7 CESM-CAM. (.7-.) 8 CMCC-CMS 9 CSIRO-Mk...87.9 GFDL-CM (/-) GFDL-ESMM (/-) HadGEM-CC (/-) INMCM. IPSL-CMA-LR IPSL-CMA-MR. MIROC-ESM-CHEM. 7 MIROC. 8 MRI-CGCM. 9 NorESM-M. (.-.) 7 NorESM-ME. (.-.) 7