COLLISIONAL IONISATION OF EXCITED RUBIDIUM ATOMS M. Chéret, L. Barbier To cite this version: M. Chéret, L. Barbier. COLLISIONAL IONISATION OF EXCITED RUBIDIUM ATOMS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1985, 46 (C1), pp.c1-193-c1-197. <10.1051/jphyscol:1985119>. <jpa- 004491> HAL Id: jpa-004491 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-004491 Submitted on 1 Jan 1985 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque Cl, suppl6ment au no1, Tome 46, janvier 1985 page Cl-193 COLLISIONAL IONISATION OF EXCITED RUBIDIUM ATOMS M. Ch&ret and L. Barbier Centre dretudes Nucl6aires de Saclay, Service de Physique des Atomes et des Surfaces, 91 191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France R6sun6 - -Dans une vapeur de rubidium,la nesure des courants d'ions Rb+, Rb+ et Rb a ~ermis de caractzriser les processus collisionnels de forma- tion d'ions b partir d'atomes excites et de determiner les coefficients de taux d'ionisation associ6s b ces reactions. + + Abstract - Ion current measurements for Rb, Rb and Rb- ions allowed to characterize ionizing collisional processes involving excited atoms in a Rb vapour. Rate coefficients for these reactions are deternined. When an alkali vapor is irradiated with high power laser beams a complex medium is created and it is not very easy to separate laser fields effects from purely collisional mechanisms. It is thus important to understand first the involved collisional react ions. Low power lasers allow to study this processes in a sinple medium. Two C.W. multimode dye lasers crossing at the centre of a cylindrical cell are used to pump, in a first step rubidium atoms in a resonant level Rb(5p) and in a second step in a highly excited level ~b(n'l) (I=s or d). The experimental set up has been described previously /l 1. Typical experimental conditions correspond to :p=l 0-4 Torr, Rb(5s)=lO l cm-3, Rb(5d) = 10 cm-3, Rb (nl)= 10' cn3. The main processes are: liornbeclc-blolnar associative ionization Rb(nZ)+ Rb(5s)-Rb; + e- Penning atomic ionization : Beside these reactions the follorving processes have also been observe0 : Energy pooling reaction : Peqning associative ionization : Ion pair formation Results concerning energy pooling reaction have been published for the Rb case // and M. Allegrini presents a review on this subject at the present conference. The other reactions correspond to ionizing mechanisms involving highly excited Rb atoms. Ions are analyzed with a mass spectrometer wired to alternately detected positive-or negative ions. A typical result of mass scanping is presented in fig.1. The Rb current is 5000 tines lower than the Rb+ or Rb current and consequently ion pair formation does not contribute significantly to the Rb+ current. Photoionisation by the laser beams : Rb(n1) + h*--+rbc + e- is an important mechanism contributing to the Rb+ current. The cross sections for this process are well known /3/ and the photoionisation contribution is used to deternined the excited state densities/l/. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1985119
cl-194 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I t REL. UNIT Fig. l - Mass scanning of positive (a) and negative ions for the excitation of the 6d ~ level. ~ / ~ The present paper only reports on Penning atonic ionisation and ion pair format ion. The Penning ionization occurs via collision between a highly excited atom and a resonant state atom. In fact when a highly excited state is pumped the radiative cascading deexcitation populates the neighbouring levels. s and d levels essentially decay to p levels and consequently the studied medium is composed of che excited s or d le-. vel and of the various lower p levels. The total density of these p levels represents 80% of the density of the pumped s level and CX of the pumped d level. The measured quantities correspond to the contribution of the pumped state and of the radiatively populated p levels. then a s state is populated the p level densities alone can explain the experinental observations /l / - I dependency of the rate coefficients will be known only if the p contribution is correctly deduced. Measured rate coefficients lie in the range 10-8 cm3 s-l. Theoretically two mechanisms are usually considered. The first one is the dipole- dipole interaction which give rate coefficients in the range 10-9 ads-l for d or p levels and in the range 10-1 0 cm3 s-l for s level. The second one is the exchange theory; Kimura for Rb atoms found rate coefficients 1 independent lying in the range 10-8 cm3 s-l 141. It is then important to determine the 1 dependency of the Penning rate coefficient. This has been done by populating the excited states with pulsed lasers. As an example if the 7s level is excited its concentration decays exponentially and populates the 6p level. 00 ns after the laser shot the 6p density becomes higher than the 7s density (fig.). If oile of the Penning rate coefficient for 7s or 6d level is strongly predominant the ~b+ current will vary as the 7s or as the 6p density. If the two levels have equal rate coefficients the Rb+ current will then decay as the sum of the 7s and 6d densities. Experimental variation (points fig.) accounts for this last hypothesis. The same results have been obtained when the 5d, 6d or 8s level is excited : experimental results clearly show that the Penning rate coefficient is lindependent. The rate coefficients obtained with the C.N. system then can be corrected from cascading radiative mechanisms. The results are presented in fig. 3 together with the dipole-dipole calculations for s(x), p(o), d(+) levels and Kimura's calculations (0) for levels 6d, 8s and 7d. As presented in fig.1 mass scanning of negative ions indicates the presence of a low Rb- current. Molecules are commonly considered as responsible for negative ion formation 151, the main reactions being : Rb, + e -Rb(5s) + ~b-
l densities (R.L.U~T) Fig. - Excitation of the 7s level. Tine variation of the 7s and 6p densities calculated with measured lifetime, Experimental points deduced from the ~b+ current. Under our experimental conditions (cell temperature 450'~) the ratio between the dimer density and the atom density is equal to 4x10-~ Experimental checks show that : - negative ion fornation requires both lasers to be resonant. - negative ion current does not vary when the Rb concentration is increased by a factor of 10 (by varying the cell temperature at constant Rb pressure). - negative ion current varies linearly with both laser powers. These observations rule out reactions involving any of the following particles : molecules, molecular ions, photons, electrons. Ion pair formation by a collision between a highly excited atom and a ground state atom, namely Rb(n1) + Rb(5s) Rb' + ~b- is a reaction that fullfills all our experimental checks. This reaction involves the same partners Rb(n1) and Rb(5s) than the Hornbeck- Molnar associative ionization. The rate coefficient for ion pair fornation, nk-(nl), can be deduced from the rate coefficient for associative ionization kai(nl) by comparing the negative Ion current I(Rb-) to the molecular ion current I(Rb3) : Fig.3 - Rate coefficient for Penning ionization k against the effective quantum number n* of pi the excited state. When the 6d 'D level is excited, the cell terape?&ure varyin, 0 between 383 K and 453O~ at constant Rb pressure, the k-(6d) values, reported on fig.4 are measured. As the electron affinity of the Rb atom is equal to 3919. the reaction is exoergic by 108.4 cm-l for the 6d ~ level. ~, The ~ experimental values of the rate coefficient can be fitted with a cross sectionq- equal to 1.3 X 10-1 6 m above the threshold and equal to zero below this limit and with a maxwellian velocity distribution f(v) being assumed, leading to W k- = v~(v) dv.
JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Fig.4 - k-(6d D5,) against cell temperature -. experimental points -16 fitted curve with - =I.3x10 cm. 100 ZOO 300 R a. ~ + - Fig.5 - Rb, Rb coulonbic curve calculated - 1 with an electron affinity equal to 391 9. cm. This cross section value is not theoret ically explained. A Landau-Zener calculation /5/ at the crossing point between the unperturbed atomic curve and the coulombic Rb+, Rbion pair curve (fig. 5) give a negligible contribution : it is not surprising as the crossing point (03 a.u) is passed diabatically. Negative ion current neasurements have been performed on levels lying energetical ly under (.5d, 7s, 6d, 8s) or above (7d, 9s) the ~b+, Rb- limit. In fig. 6 are plotted the k-(n\) values against the energy defect of the raction. The corresponding cross section are reported in fig.7. As for the 6d level the Landau- Zener calculation at the crossing {E point between the atomic curve and cm" the ionic curve does not explain these results for levels under the Rb", Rb- limit. For levels above such a calculation is not possible. More sophisticated theorectical approaches are then needed. One may consider crossing points at shorter distances obtained by splitting the excited level -f -- ---------------- - /6/ or by manifold crossings in I Sd s ooa..-- the molecular system (fig.8). Another possibility is a delocalised calculation as applied by Sidis /7/ to the H+, H- system. (fig.9) These various methods require first the knowledge of the molecular potential curves. For the first time ion pair fornation have been observed in an excited vapor. As the exit. channel for the reaction (i.e. the Coulombic ~b+, Rb- curve) is well known this process appears appealing to check the other involved molecular potential curves.
Fig. 6 Fig. 7 rate coefficient (fig.6) and cross section (fig.7) for ion pair fornation versus the energy defect of the reaction. Fig.8 - (a) splitting of the atonic curve (b) crossing in the nolecular system. Fig.3 - Delocalised schene in the nolecular systen. References /l / CHERET M., BARBIER L., LINDINGER W. and DELOCHE R., J. Phys. B.E(l98) 3463 // BARBIER L., CHERET M., J. Phys. B16 (1 983) 313. 131 AYMAR M., ROBAUX and WANE S., J. Phys.BE (1984) 993. I41 KIMURA M. and OLSON R.E., 13th I. C. P. E.A. C. Berlin (1 983) 66. /51 SMIRNOV B.M., Negative ions MC Graw Hill ed. (1 98). I61 FREY P., BREYER F. and HmOP H., J. Phys.BE (1978) L589. 171 OLSON R.E., SMITH F.T. and BAUER E., Appl. Opt. 10 (1971) 1848. /8/ KOWALCZYZ P., J. Phys.B E (1 984) 817. /g/ SIDIS V., KUBACH C. and FUSSEAU D., Phys. Rev. A (1 983) 431.