M. (a) (i) argon and potassium tellurium and iodine cobalt and nickel accept crect symbols allow argon and calcium it would place them in increct groups (owtte) idea of not being placed with elements which have similar properties converse argument accept would not have same number of electrons in outer shell allow it would put them in wrong period if linked to argon and potassium / calcium do not accept reasons based just on protons do not accept metals and non-metals mixed up any two from: each successive atom has one me electron atoms in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells / energy levels number of electrons in outer shell = group number across a period an energy level / shell is being filled in the next period the next energy level / shell is being filled accept period number = shell number [4] M. (a) (i) B E F (iv) D (v) C (i) Br do not accept BR br br igne numbers allow written in table if answer blank Page of 3
I Br Cl allow iodine, bromine, chline allow I,B,C allow capitals lower case allow 84, 58, -34 they are halogens igne numbers they become less reactive down Group 7 [9] M3. (a) Y W V (d) W (e) X [5] M4. (a) (i) 7 neutrons number of protons atom Y (d) (i) Ne allow neon Page of 3
has a full outer shell allow in Group 0 allow a noble gas full outer energy level allow the shells are full has 8 electrons in its outer shell igne in Group 8 [7] Page 3 of 3
M5. (a) similar properties allow same properties allow crect example of property igne answers in terms of atomic structure (i) in der of atomic / proton number allow increasing number (of protons) elements in same group have same number (of electrons) in outer shell highest energy level allow number (of electrons) increases across a period (d) any two from: statements must be comparative stronger / harder igne higher densities less reactive higher melting points igne boiling point reactivity increases down group allow converse throughout f next three marks, outer electron needs to be mentioned once otherwise max = outer electron is further from nucleus allow me energy levels / shells allow larger atoms less attraction between outer electron and nucleus allow me shielding therefe outer electron lost me easily [9] M6. (a) (i) Sb Se Sn (iv) Si Page 4 of 3
(i) elements potassium (K) 0 [7] M7. (a) any two from: react with water very reactive (react with water) releasing gas / hydrogen / fizzing (react with water) to fm an alkaline / hydroxide solution fm ions with a + charge allow lose one electron from the outer shell igne other references to electronic structure igne physical properties any three from: some boxes contain two elements allow specific examples: Co, Ni Ce, La Di, Mo Ro, Ru Ba, V Pt, Ir groups / columns contain elements with different properties allow groups / columns contain both metals and non-metals igne examples Newlands not a well-known / respected scientist igne references to sugar facty new idea (not readily accepted by other scientists) allow musical scales thought to be silly by some scientists 3 Page 5 of 3
one f improvement and one f explanation from: left gaps (f undiscovered elements) () so that elements were in their crect group () allow so the elements fitted the pattern of properties did not always follow der of relative atomic weights / masses () igne references to atomic number / electronic structure so that elements were in their crect group () allow so the elements fitted the pattern of properties [7] M8. (a) (i) a crect link between any two named elements eg same group / column same properties / number of outer electrons allow some link between any two elements in the same group (in both Newlands and the modern periodic table) any two from: igne statements about lack of evidence / proof elements still being discovered no gaps f undiscovered elements some boxes have elements in them metals and non-metals in same column / mixed up accept some elements in same column have different properties. allow any sensible suggestion about misplaced elements eg copper in group elements pattern f first 6 so elements only allow did not wk f all elements (i) Cl > Br > I accept reactivity / it decreases down the group I < Br < Cl Cl has reactions, Br has reaction, I doesn t react owtte allow Cl has most / me reactions and I has least / less reactions (must be clear about where Br fits in) Page 6 of 3
Br allow multiples / fractions if crectly completed and balanced (they) have 7 outer electrons allow (they) have 7 electrons in highest occupied (energy) level / shells / rings outer / last / final must be mentioned once in crect context, otherwise max marks comparative required on all three points accept converse ie less reactive up group down group (atom / elements) bigger outer electrons (level / shell /ring) further from nucleus / centre igne me electrons me shells / level / rings do not accept me outer shells f this mark fce(s) / attraction(s) are weaker allow electron(s) attracted less easily allow electron(s) less under influence (of nucleus) me shielding attracts less do not accept magnetic / gravitational / intermolecular fces electron(s) lost me easily allow electron(s) me likely to be lost allow easier to give away [0] M9. (a) (i) E B Page 7 of 3
C (iv) A (i) quickly melted allow melts in contact with water, allow bp 00 C (of water) shows mp is low igne one other piece of infmation easily cut igne one other piece of infmation effervescence / fizzing / bubbling igne named gas igne one other piece of infmation [7] M0. (a) Mendeleev groups undiscovered (d) compound [4] M. (a) potassium / it is an alkali metal it is in group it is reactive it = potassium allow argon is a noble gas / unreactive / group 0 igne references to atomic structure igne references to crect physical properties group 4 / they are metals and non-metals accept element missing gap left igne differences in properties Page 8 of 3
it / they fitted at the beginning / end of the table igne left gaps / spaces [3] M. (a) comment + relevant example gets + marks third marking point can be either a comment an example unrelated to first comment i.e. 3 comments would be max marks max 3 (could be many answers) igne references to music e.g. many elements in the groups have very dissimilar properties e.g. Cu + K (= marks) two elements in one place on the table e.g. Ce La (= marks) no clear division between metals and nonmetals metals and non-metals jumbled / mixed up (could give example from table) Newlands didn t allow spaces f new elements any two from: elements with dissimilar properties are separated grouped elements with similar properties gaps left f elements to be added when discovered relative atomic mass der not followed in all cases (so that elements go in groups with other similar elements) Mendeleev in proton number der groups related to electronic structure group number equals number of outer electrons new groups created iron, cobalt nickel in a group eight groups instead of seven crect elements in periods and 3 reactivity trends in groups reactivity trends across periods separates metals and non-metals [5] Page 9 of 3
M3. (a) B eg link between Li, Na, K, (Rb, Cs) Mg, Ca, (Sr, Ba) F, Cl, Br, I allow any two elements in the same group (in both Newland s and the modern periodic table) linked appropriate comment about that link eg similar physical / chemical properties similar specific reactions same number of outer electrons if no elements identified, allow mark f a general comment about elements in the same column having similar properties every eighth element has similar properties = mark any two from: no gaps f undiscovered elements elements still being discovered some boxes have elements metals and non-metals in same column / mixed up / some elements in the same column had different properties pattern f first 6 so elements only any sensible suggestion about misplaced elements eg copper in group metals (d) alkanes are not elements alkanes are compounds igne molecule / molecular [6] M4. (a) (i) undiscovered elements owtte they would be in the wrong group / have the wrong / different properties / don t fit the pattern owtte allow atomic weights may have been wrong Page 0 of 3
(i) any three from: elements arranged in proton / atomic number der igne mass number / atomic weight / neutrons throughout group: elements in the same group / column have same number of outer electrons owtte group: number of shells increase down group period: elements in the same period / row have the same number of shells / energy levels period: number of protons / electrons increase across period atomic number: link of atomic number to number of protons atomic number gives number of electrons 3 it would mean splitting a proton / electron implication of splitting proton / electron must be a comparison (outer) electron closer (to nucleus) accept fewer (electron) shells / energy levels fluine is the smaller/est stronger/est attraction (to nucleus) owtte do not allow magnetic / intermolecular fces less screening (by inner electrons) electron gained me easily need some indication of outer electron shell somewhere in explanation otherwise max of marks [9] Page of 3
M5. (a) (i) B (iv) A E D (i) Mendeleev and Newlands atomic weight chemical reactions (iv) electrons [8] Page of 3
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