Chapter 11 part 2: Properties of Liquids Read: BLB 5.5; 11.4 HW: BLB 5:48, 49, 51; 11:33, 37, 39 Supplemental 11:5-10 Know: viscosity, surface tension cohesive & adhesive forces phase changes heat capacity calorimetry Structure Affects Function Functional boiling Structure Group point hydrocarbon 36 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2!CH 3 MW = 72amu aldehyde 75 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C MW = 72amu H ketone 79 C CH 3 CH 2 MW = 72amu amine 78 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2!NH 2 MW = 73amu C CH 3 ether 34 C CH 3 CH 2!!CH 2 CH 3 ester 57 C CH 3 alcohol 117 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2!H carboxylic acid 141 C CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3 C H Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 1 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 2 Liquids
Properties of Liquids Intermolecular interactions are favorable (heat is required to break them) The more interactions, the better. Surface molecules have fewer interactions. Energy is minimized by minimizing the surface area.!what shape gives a water drop the most favorable Energy? Manifestations of IM forces Cohesive forces: forces between similar molecules o viscosity: resistance to flow o surface tension: E needed to increase surface area o BP (MP) o "H vap ("H sub ) Adhesive forces: forces between a substance & the surface o water glass interactions o water oil interactions o glue o non-stick surfaces o capillary action Meniscus Shapes o Cohesive Forces o Adhesive Forces Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 3 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 4 Liquids
Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids gas: liquid: solid: Kinetic energy >> intermolecular forces Kinetic energy # intermolecular forces Kinetic energy << intermolecular forces Kinetic Energy $ T Heating: T %, KE % solid & liquid & gas Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 5 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 6 Liquids
Energy of phase changes Heat Capacity Gas Endothermic Requires energy to disrupt intermolecular forces. Heat Capacity (C): deposition sublimation freezing condensation Solid melting vaporization Liquid Which processes are endothermic? Exothermic Energy is released when intermolecular interactions are formed Which processes are exothermic? Usually give C for a specified amount of pure substance Example: liquid H 2 1 g C = s = 4.184 J/g-K ' specific heat 1 mol C molar = 75.2 J/mole-K ' molar heat capacity Specific heat is different for each phase Specific heat is different per gram than per mole!the specific heat for water is very high compared to other substances; 5 times greater than Al(s). Why is this important? Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 7 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 8 Liquids
CALRIMETRY Experimental measure of heat flow q soln = C s m "T q = heat flow ("H at P const ) C = specific heat m = mass "T= T final - T initial Example: NaH(s) & Na + (aq) + H - (aq) When 9.55 g solid NaH is dissolved in 100.0 g of water in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature rises from 23.6 C to 47.4 C. Calculate "H in kj/mol for the solution process. The specific heat of water is 4.184 kj/g- C "H = Heat change = q final q initial = amount of heat given off (() or absorbed (+) when a change occurs Examples: "H fusion = amount of heat needed to "H vap = amount of heat needed to Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 9 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 10 Liquids
Bomb Calorimetry q rxn = (-C cal )( "T) Heating Curve for 1 mole of Water Two types of changes; Phase Changes and Heating a single Phase Where C cal = 1. Within a single phase (blue) changes are continuous q = n C p "T (p ' constant pressure) Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 11 Liquids T is increasing... What happens to kinetic energy? molecular motion? separation between molecules? molecular attractions? amount of order? Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 12 Liquids
Phase Changes 2. Between phases, (red) changes are abrupt, from one physical state to another q = n "H x (x = fusion or vaporization) T is constant... What happens to kinetic energy? molecular motion? total energy? separation between molecules? molecular attactions? amount of order? Calculation of Enthalpy Change Measure the heat required for each segment; take the sum of the individual steps. EXAMPLE: 2 moles of ice at (25 C are heated to 125 C. How much energy is needed? C p (ice) = 37.6 J/mol K "H fusion = 6.02 kj/mol C p (water) = 75.3 J/mol K "H vapor = 40.67 kj/mol C p (steam) = 33.1 J/mol K 1. ice (25 o C! 0 o C 2. ice 0 o C! water 0 o C (phase transition) 3. water 0 o C! 100 o C 4. water 100 o C! steam 100 o C (phase transition) 5. steam 100 o C! 125 o C Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 13 Liquids Lori S. Van Der Sluys Page 14 Liquids