Available online at www.sciencedirect.com APCBEE Procedia 5 (213 ) 134 14 ICESD 213: January 19-2, Dubai, UAE Case Study: Shallow Subsurface Geology Mapping Using 2-D Resistivity Imaging with EHR Technique M.M. Nordiana a, Rosli Saad b, M.N.M. Nawawi c, I.N. Azwin d and Edy Tonnizam Mohamad e a,b,c,d Geophysics section, School of Physics, 118 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia e 225,D3, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Awam, 8131, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Abstract The 2-D resistivity imaging with Enhancing Horizontal Resolution (EHR) technique is adopted to map and characterize the shallow subsurface (sedimentary, limestone and granite). A sedimentary case study was executed at Nusajaya, Johor, a limestone case study was conducted at Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis while a granite case study was conducted at Masai, Johor (Malaysia). The survey lines 8m and minimum 2m electrode spacing was adopted in each of survey line at Nusajaya, Johor and Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis using Pole-dipole array. The electrode spacing used in Masai, Johor is 5m with survey line 4m. After the data acquisition on the first survey line was complete, the electrodes were shifted to the right on the same line and the process of data acquisition was repeated. The set of data obtained for each line was combined during processing using Res2Dinv software. The inversion model resistivity at Nusajaya shows sandstone contains iron mineral (3-25 ohm-m) and weathered sandstone (5- ohm-m). Beseri, Perlis gives three different layers with resistivity values of 1-5 ohm-m (clay), 125-5 ohm-m (weathered limestone) and 12-3 ohm-m (limestone). The results from Masai shows two main zone with resistivity value of <7 ohm-m (granitic boulders) and > ohm-m (fractured granitic bedrock). The stratigraphy and structure of the three case studies (sedimentary, limestone and granite) can be mapped effectively using 2-D resistivity imaging with EHR technique. 213 213 The Published Authors. by Published Elsevier by B.V. Elsevier Selection B.V. Open and/or access peer under review CC BY-NC-ND under responsibility license. of Asia-Pacific Selection Chemical, and Biological peer review & under Environmental responsibility Engineering of Asia-Pacific Society Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society Keywords:2-D Resistivity Imaging; EHR Technique; Subsurface; Sedimentary; Limestone; Granite Corresponding author. Tel.: +617-7564419; fax: +64-657915. E-mail address:mmnordiana@gmail.com. 2212-678 213 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society doi:1.116/j.apcbee.213.5.24
M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 135 1. Introduction Geotechnical studies are usually used for subsurface, engineering and environmental works. It is used to determine depth to bedrock, nature of overburden materials and near surface structures such as sinkholes, cavities, voids, faults and boulders. To gain a full control of the subsurface structures in natural geological environments, modelling represented as outcrop is necessary for study under controlled circumstances. 2-D resistivity imaging of subsurface shallow conglomerate has been generated using Computerized Resistivity Meter (CRM-5) and Wenner array has been used to delineate the distinguished of diamondiferous conglomerate horizons within clay and kankar deposits in the Baragadi, Panna District, Madhya Pradesh, India [1]. 2-D resistivity imaging were covered both vertical and horizontal pseudosection to display the subsurface intrusive, weathered soil and crystalline limestone in Ramco cements, pandalgudi mines, Tamilnadu [2]. Therefore, Enhancing Horizontal Resolution of 2-D resistivity imaging was design in order to gain a better understanding of the resolution in different representative geological situations, and for assessing the behaviour of some interpretation methods. The results of each profile were compared to see the effectiveness of persistent with EHR technique in the survey line to distinguish the rock properties in the form of resistivity distribution display in the imaging section. Throughout, 2-D profiling with Pole-dipole array with EHR technique adopted for this study due to the good horizontal and vertical resolution [3]. 2. 2-D Resistivity Imaging The electrical res that passes through an anomaly. Instead, it measure distortions in the electrical potential on the ground surface due to changes in the current flow causes by the anomaly. This makes the interpretation of electrical data more difficult [4]. The resistivity method basically measures the resistivity distribution of the subsurface materials. Table 1 shows the resistivity value of some typical rocks and soil materials [5]. Table 1. Resistivity values of common rocks and soil materials[5]. Material Alluvium 1 to 8 Resistivity (ohm-m) Sand 6 to Clay 1 to Groundwater (fresh) 1 to Sandstone 8-4 x 1 3 Shale 2-2 x 1 3 Limestone 5 4 x 1 3 Granite 5 to 1,, 3. Methodology The 2-D resistivity survey was conducted using ABEM SAS4 Terrameter with ES1-64C selector,
136 M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 smart cables with 5m takeouts and stainless steel electrodes. One survey line was conducted in each of the study area. The survey used Pole-dipole array with space between electrodes are 2m (Nusajaya, Johor and Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis) and 5m (Masai, Johor). After the data acquisition of the first survey line was complete, the electrodes were shifted to the right on the same line and the process of data acquisition was repeated. The two sets of data (without shifted and shifted) obtained for each line was combined during processing using Res2Dinv software for gridding, contouring and final presentation. Surfer software was used to map the subsurface outcrop. 4. Regional Geology Three different case studies with different geology (sedimentary, limestone and granite) were conducted at Nusajaya (Johor), Beseri, Kaki Bukit (Perlis) and Masai (Johor) respectively. 4.1. Nusajaya, Johor (Malaysia) The bulk of sand has been derived from granite, and commonly is quite coarse and angular. Mainly it consists of quartz, but in some places because of its granitic parentage does contain significant amounts of feldspar. Some of the latter has been weathered to clay, which in turn has undergone leaching. This applies particularly in the upper horizons. In places thin beds of clay are found intercalated with the sand. For the most part the sand is of white, cream, buff, or pale-yellow colour, with only minor dark-brown to black variations. Generally the colour index is directly related to the clay content, whether this is due to the presence of organic matter or to iron staining. The dark-brown to black colours referred to Fig 1 could be due to the presence of organic matter, or may possibly be a result of leaching and redeposition of oxides of iron, alumina at lower levels [6]. The cross-section of sandstone is dipping to; a) N17 /12 W (white), b) N135 /69 SW (brownish), c) N82 /36 SW (red purple), d) N119 /52 NW (whitish) and e) N79 /53 NW (brownish) as indicated in Fig 1. a b c d e Fig. 1. Sedimentation outcrop at Nusajaya, Johor. 4.2. Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis(Malaysia) Setul limestone formation is the largest limestone outcrop in peninsular Malaysia and forms the Malaysia to Thai border. The range extends from the west coast of Perlis to Kaki Bukit (Fig 2). The Setul limestone is continental shelf deposits consisting of hard brittle dark grey crystalline limestone with minor detriral rocks in the upper part. The formation has undergone major folding and faulting and forms typically steep-sided topography [7].
M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 137 Fig. 2. Limestone outcrop at Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis 4.3. Masai, Johor (Malaysia) The study area is undulating and covered by primary jungle and rubber estate. This is an active granitic quarry; with generally the thickness of overburden is 2-3m. The regional geology of the area is underlain by granitic rock with Silurian age with sediments mainly interbedded calcareous and argillaceous strata, proportions varying from place to place; argillaceous component contains minor arenaceous interbeds and abundant graptolite remains. There are minor intercalations of volacanic fragmental as shown in Fig 3. The stratified rocks are cut by minor basic to ultrabasic intrusive of uncertain age [8]. Fig. 3. Granite outcrop at Masai, Johor. 5. Results and Discussion Profile 1 (Fig 4 and 5) trends South-North direction to a length of 8m and imaging depths of 12m was carried out in the sedimentary area at Nusajaya, Johor. The inversion model resistivity displays the upper part as sandstone contains iron mineral (3-25 ohm-m) and weathered sandstone (5- ohm-m) alternately. The lower part of the layer represents sandstone and siltstone exhibit high resistivity values of 15-5 ohm-m. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-5 -1-15 -5-1 -15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 15 8 5 3 15 8 5 37 33 3 27 25 23 16 3 Fig. 4. Inversion model resistivity at Nusajaya, Johor.
138 M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 Fig 5. Contouring model resistivity for sedimentary deposits at Nusajaya, Johor. Second profile trends Southwest-Northeast direction with maximum length of 8m and imaging depths of 12m was carried out in the limestone area at Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis as shown in Fig 6 and 7. The inversion model resistivity shows three differentiation layers. The upper part of the layer reveals as limestone. The inversion resistivity values for these bed is 12-3 ohm-m. The resistivity value for intermediate second layer of clay layer is 1-5 ohm-m. The lower part of the layer represents weathered limestone indicates medium resistivity values, 125 to 5 ohm-m. 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 12 8 5 3 15 125 8 6 4 2 15 1 5 2 Fig. 6. Inversion model resistivity at Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis. Fig. 7. Contouring model resistivity for limestone deposits at Beseri, Kaki Bukit, Perlis. The inversion model resistivity of profile 3 trends Southwest-Northeast direction to a length of 4m. A resistivity result displays two main zones. The first zone was top layer/ residual soil with resistivity value of <7 ohm-m. It is consists of saturated zone with resistivity value of 3- ohm-m and boulders with resistivity value of >7 ohm-m. The second zone was fractured granitic bedrock with resistivity value of > ohm-m and depth of 1-75m as shown in Fig 8 and 9.
M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 139 5 15 2 25 3 35 5 5 5 15 2 25 3 35 5 3 2 15 7 5 35 25 15 8 6 4 2 Fig. 8. Inversion model resistivity at Masai, Johor. Fig. 9. Contouring model resistivity for granite at Masai, Johor. 6. Conclusion Based on regional characterization of the study areas, the 2-D resistivity imaging with Enhancing Horizontal Resolution (EHR) technique mapped the geology subsurface of the study areas in Malaysia. Surface observations and photo observation is used to support the resistivity imaging technique interpretation. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere thanks to all technical staffs and postgraduate, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia. References [1] Antony RA. Characterization of the Geology of the Subsurface Shallow Conglomerate using 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging at Baragadi, Panna District, Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage 21; 14(3): 33-36. [2] Antony RA and Ramanujam N. A case study of crystalline limestone intrusion and fault zone identification using 2D ERI technique in Ramco cements, Pandalgudi mines, Tamilnadu. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining 212; 2(1), 11-15. [3] Nordiana MM, Rosli S. Theoretical model for 2D resistivity mapping with Enhancing Horizontal Resolution (EHR) technique. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (EJGE) 212; 17(Bund. D): 483-493. [4] Loke MH. Instruction manual for the 2D resistivity forward modeling program Res2Dmod. 1994, p. 1-11,.
14 M.M. Nordiana et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 ( 213 ) 134 14 [5] Keller GV. Frischknecht FC. Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press Inc., Oxford; 1996. [6] Burton CK. Geology and Mineral resources, Johor Bahru- Kulai area, South Johore. Geological Survey of Malaysia, Map Bulletin 2; 1972. p. 56. [7] Yong SK. Conservation of geological features in peninsular Malaysia.. 1985, p. 1. [8] Johanssen A. A descriptive petrography of the igneous rocks; v. 3, the intermediate rocks, fourth impression: Chicago, University of Chicago Press; 1952.