e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv

weg / wegmgm cövmövg evsjv fvlv-2 e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv Kvm KvW : weweg 2302 mvgvwrk weávb, gvbwek I fvlv zj evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq

MvRxcyi-1705 weg / wegmgm cövmövg evsjv fvlv-2 e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv ipbvq Rvnv½xi Avjg Rvwn` RxbvZ BgwZqvR Avjx wd ivrv Bqvmgxb Avgxbyi ingvb mšwgî kli ipbv kjx wb ` kbv I m úv`bv Rvnv½xi Avjg Rvwn`

MÖš wu idvwi KZ K wbixÿ Yi ci evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vj qi GmGmGBPGj-Gi wkÿv_x `i Rb gyw`ªz n q Q

evsjv fvlv- 2 e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv (mkj ^Z evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq KZ K msiw Z) cö_g cökvk: GwcÖj 2001 cybgy `ªY 2004, 2007, 2009, 2011 cybgy `ªY 2014 cö Q` gvmỳ gvn&gỳ gwjøk wcwcww wefvm, evdwe Kfvi MÖvwd Ave`yj gv jk wwwuwc I cövk-gỳ ªY Kvh µg wwwuwc cyj wcwcww wefvm, evdwe Aÿi web vm Ave`yj gv jk cökvkbvq cökvkbv, gỳ ªY I weziy wefvm evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq MvRxcyi-1705 gỳ ªY divrx cöm GÛ cvewj KkÝ 28/G, c vwi`vm ivw XvKv-1100

ISBN: 984-34-1009-2 m~wp BDwbU-1 : cö_vmz evsjv e vki Yi Av jvpbv cvv-1 : c`-cökiy ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 cvv-2 : mvay I PwjZ fvlv ------------------------------------------------------------- 12 cvv-3 : mwü -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 cvv-4 : mgvm ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 cvv-5 : KviK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 cvv-6 : cöpwjz e vki Y evk ixwz ----------------------------------------------------- 36 cvv-7 : DcmM I AbymM --------------------------------------------------------------- 41 cvv-8 : hwz ev weivg wpý ------------------------------------------------------------- 45 BDwbU-2 : evsjv kãm vi cvv-1 : evsjv kãm vi : f wgkv I köyxkiy -------------------------------------------- 50 cvv-2 : evsjv k ãi köyxkiy --------------------------------------------------------- 53 cvv-3 : evsjv kãmvb cöwµqv ---------------------------------------------------------- 59 cvv-4 : evsjv mgv_ K kã : ZvwjKv ---------------------------------------------------- 65 cvv-5 : evsjv wecixzv_ K kã : máv_, ZvwjKv ----------------------------------------- 68 cvv-6 : evsjv bvbv_ K kã : máv_, ZvwjKv --------------------------------------------- 73 cvv-7 : Rvov kã : msáv_ I ZvwjKv -------------------------------------------------- 77 cvv-8 : evsjv c`-cwiez b : ZvwjKv --------------------------------------------------- 79 cvv-9 : evsjv cöev` I evmaviv --------------------------------------------------------- 83 BDwbU-3 : evsjv fvlvi cö qvm ˆewkó cvv-1 : evsjv k ãi cö qvrbxwz -------------------------------------------------------- 92 cvv-2 : evsjv evbv bi wbqg ----------------------------------------------------------- 96 cvv-3 : evsjv k ãi h_v_ cö qvm ------------------------------------------------------ 103 BDwbU-4 : BDwbU-5 : evsjv D PviY cvv-1 : cöwgz evsjv D PviY : ^iaÿwbi ˆewkó ----------------------------------------- 107 cvv-2 : cöwgz evsjv D PviY : e ÄbaŸwbi ˆewkó -------------------------------------- 115 cvv-3 : we `kx k ãi evsjv cöwzeyx KiY ---------------------------------------------- 123 evsjv Awfavb I kã Kvl cvv-1 : msáv I cökvi f` ------------------------------------------------------------ 130 cvv-2 : Awfav bi cö qvrbxqzv ------------------------------------------------------- 137 cvv-3 : evsjv Awfav bi e envi bxwz ------------------------------------------------- 139

BDwbU-6 : BDwbU-7 : BDwbU-8 : BDwbU-9 : BDwbU-10 : mvaviy evsjv fvlvz Ë i f wgkv cvv-1 : fvlvzë : msáv_ I köyxkiy ------------------------------------------------- 144 cvv-2 : aÿwbzë --------------------------------------------------------------------- 151 cvv-3 : iƒczë ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 158 cvv-4 : evk ZË --------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 cvv-5 : A_ ZË I A_ cwiez b ------------------------------------------------------- 171 cvv-6 : fvlvzë I cö_vmz e vkiy---------------------------------------------------- 176 evsjv cwifvlv cvv-1 : evsjv cwifvlv : f wgkv I cö qvrbxqzv ---------------------------------------- 182 cvv-2 : evsjv cwifvlvi BwZnvm ------------------------------------------------------ 185 cvv-3 : evsjv cwifvlv wbg vy KŠkj -------------------------------------------------- 189 Abyev`Ñ Bs iwr _ K evsjv cvv-1 : Abyev`-f wgkv I cö qvrbxqzv ------------------------------------------------ 193 cvv-2 : Bs iwr _ K evsjv Abyev` KŠkj -------------------------------------------- 196 cvv-3 : wba vwiz cv Vi Bs iwr _ K evsjv Abyev` ------------------------------------ 199 cî ipbv cvv-1 : cî ipbv- f wgkv, cökvi f` I cö qvrbxqzv ----------------------------------- 204 cvv-2 : e envwik cî I `wjj ipbvi KŠkj ------------------------------------------ 208 cvv-3 : msev`c Î cîipbvi KŠkj -------------------------------------------------- 212 cvv-4 : vikwjwc, gvbcî BZ vw` ipbvi KŠkj -------------------------------------- 216 Aby Q` I cöeü ipbv cvv-1 : Aby Q` I cöeü : f wgkv, cö qvrbxqzv I cökvi f` ---------------------------- 221 cvv-2 : Aby Q` I cöeü ipbvi KŠkj ------------------------------------------------ 225 cvv-3 : wba vwiz wel q Aby Q` I cöeü ipbv Kiv ------------------------------------- 228

1 cö_vmz evsjv e vki Yi Av jvpbv e vkiy n jv fvlvi wbqg msµvší aviyv cö_vmz e vkiy fvlvi G me wbqg ev m~ Îi Av jvpbv K i m-abyhvqx ev K i ï Zv I Aï Zv wepvi Kiv nq cöwzwu fvlvb AmsL ev K i mgwó evk mg~n Kxfv e I Kvb ixwz Z MwVZ n e, Zv cö_vmz e vki Yi Av jvp welq zj, K j R wkÿv_ xe ` cö_vmz e vkiy c o _v Kb mb cwvz ev AwR Z Ávb K Av iv mg Kivi gvb mb evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vj qi œvzk cvvµ g ÔcÖ_vMZ evsjv e vki Yi Av jvpbvõi welq jv AšÍf y³ n q Q GB BDwb Ui cvv jv wb œiƒc cvv-1. c`-cökiy cvv-2. mvay I PwjZ fvlv cvv-3. mwü cvv-4. mgvm cvv-5. KviK cvv-6. cöpwjz e vki Y evk ixwz cvv-7. DcmM I AbymM cvv-8. hwz, Kgv (weivg wpý)

GmGmGBPGj cvv - 1 D Ïk G cvvwu c o AvcwbÑ c` wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb c `i cökvi f` m ú K cwi vi aviyv cv eb c `i cökvi f `i kªyxwefvm m ú K Rvb Z cvi eb c`-cökiy ev K e eüz wefw³hy³ kã K c` ejv nq wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Avgiv cö_ gb c` Kx Zv R b wbb, Ôwefw³ hy³ kã I avzz K c` ejv nq Õ hgb, ÔwZwb Kvj mü vq Avm ebõ-gb ev K PviwU c` Av Q c` Pvi wu n jv: wzwb, Kvj, mü vq, Avm eb A_ vr, wefw³hy³ bvg-kã I avzyb n jv c` evsjv ev K A bk mg qb c `i m ½ Kvb wefw³ jvmv bvi `ikvi nq bv Ab fv e ejv hvq, h wefw³wu jvmv bv nq Zv hb k~b ; G Rb G K ejv nq k~b wefw³ hgb, wzwb ÔkvnbvgvÕ co Qb GB ev K i ÔkvnbvgvÕ kãwu Z Kvb wefw³ bb, wksev ejv P j Ôk~b wefw³õ Av Q wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb, Dc ii Av jvpbvi Av jv K Avgiv Ôc`Õ-Gi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi msáv: ev K e eüz wefw³hy³ kã K c` ejv nq wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb, Gevi c `i cökvi f` wb q Av jvpbv Kwi c` cuvp cökvi h_vñ we kl ev bvg, we kly, me bvg ev cöwzbvg, wµqv, Ae q h c ` Kvb wkqyi bvg evsvq Zv-B we kl ev bvg c` we kl c` h c ` Kvb wkqyi bvg evsvq Zv-B we kl ev bvg c` Kx mi bvg evsvq, GB wfwë Z we kl K K qkwu kªyx Z fvm Kiv hvq wkÿv_ x eüziv Gevi Avmyb Avgiv we k l i kªyx wefvm wb q Av jvpbv Kwi msávevpk we kl : h we kl c ` Kvb we kl e w³, vb, `k, b`x, ce Z BZ vw`i bvg evsvq Zv K msávevpk we kl e j hgbñ briæj, cùv, XvKv, ˆkjKzcv BZ vw` RvwZevPK we kl : h we kl c ` Kvb cövyx, gvbyl cöf wzi mvaviy bvg evsvq Zv K RvwZevPK we kl ev mvgvb evpk we kl e j hgbñ Bs ir, Miæ, cvwl, gvbyl, cï BZ vw` e ÍzevPK we kl : h we kl Øviv Kvb e Ízi ev c`v _ i bvg evsvq Zv K e Í zevpk ev c`v_ evpk we kl e j hgbñ Ry Zv, KvV, im Mvjøv, evzvm BZ vw` msl v ev cwigvyevpk we kl : h we kl c ` msl v A_ev cwigvy evsvq Zv-B msl vevpk we kl ev cwigvyevpk we kl hgbñ Dwbk, wguvi, wk jvmövg, NÈv, WRb BZ vw` YevPK we kl : h we kl c ` Y, `vl, BZ vw`i fve evsvq Zv-B YevPK we kl hgbñ mvnm, cvc, cyy, ÿgv BZ vw` BDwbU-1 c ôv- 2

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq mgwóevpk we kl : h we kl k ã Kvb wkqyi mgwó evsvq Zv-B mgwóevpk we kl hgbñ kªyx, Q, SuvK, RbZv BZ vw` Ae vevpk we kl : h we kl c ` Kvb Ae vi bvg evsvq Zv K Ae vevpk we kl e j hgbñ myl, civaxbzv, ^vaxbzv, ^v Q ` BZ vw` fveevpk we kl : h we kl c ` g bvmz wksev Ae vmz fve evsvq Zv K fveevpk we kl e j hgbñ myl, Avb `, `ytl, iæz, Db v`bv BZ vw` wµqvevpk we kl : h we kl Øviv Kvb Kv Ri bvg evsvq, Zv K wµqvevpk we kl e j hgbñ hviqv, LvIqv, `Lv, jvmv bv BZ vw` we kly c` ev K i AšÍM Z Kvb c `i Y, cwigvy, Ae v, msl v, ag BZ vw` evsv bvi Rb h c` e eüz nq, Zv K we kly c` e j hgbñ my `ix ZiæYx, fv jv Q j Ômy `ix ZiæYxÕ ej j me ZiæYx K bv eyws q ïay my `ix `i evsv bv n q Q Zgwb, Ôfv jv Q jõ ej j me Q j K evsv bv nq bv, ïay Ôfv jvõ Q j `i evsv bv n q Q wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb, Dc ii Av jvpbvi Av jv K Avgiv we kly c `i GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi msáv: h c` Ab Kvb c` K we kwlz K i A_ vr Ab c `i `vl, Y, Ae v, msl v, cwigvy BZ vw` cökvk K i, Zv K we kly c` e j ev K i g a Kv_vq i q Q, Kvb kªyxi c` K we kwlz Ki Q, we kly c`wu Kxfv e MwVZ n Q, G me w`k we epbv K i we kl Yi ek K qkwu kªyx wefvm Kiv hvq h c` Ab Kvb c` K we kwlz K i A_ vr Ab c `i `vl, Y, Ae v, msl v, cwigvy BZ vw` cökvk K i, Zv K we kly c` e j ev K i Ae v Abyhvqx kªyx wefvm K. mvÿvr we kly : h we kly we kwlz c `i Av M e m Zv K mvÿvr we kly e j hgbñ nvjkv gn, Ac~e ` k, ZvovZvwo G mv BZ vw` GLv b nvjkv, Ac~e, ZvovZvwo mvÿvr we kly L. we aq we kly : Kvb we kly ev K i we aq Ask n j Zv K we aq we kly e j bvg we klyb mvaviyz GB kªyxi we kly nq hgbñ wkgyi gv_vi Pyj Lye j ^v Wwj Amy mgy `ªi cvwb bxj GLv b, j ^v, Amy, bxj we aq we kly Kvb kªyxi c` K we kwlz Ki Q GB Abymv i K. we k l i we kly : h we kly Kvb we kl A_ev me bvg c `i `vl, Y, Ae v, cwigvy, ey BZ vw` evsvq Zv K bvg we kly e j Gi `y Uv kªyx n Z cv i we kl ev bvgc `i we kly n j we k l i we kly; Avi me bv gi we kly n j me bv gi we kly Z e Giv Avjv`v Kvb we kly bq, GKB we kly me bvg wksev we k l i Rb cö qvm Kiv h Z cv i D`vni Y welqwu `Lv bv n jv we k l i we kly: weivu evwo, eyw gzx g q me bv gi we kly : Zzwg mz ev`x, m weøvb L. we kl Yi we kly : h we kly Ab Kvb we kly c` K we kwlz K i A_ vr G `i `vl, Y, Ae v BZ vw` evsvq Zv K we kl Yi we kly e j wkÿv_ x eüziv GLv b g b ivlv cö qvrb h bvg we kly wksev wµqv we klyñ GB `yb ikg we klyb we kl Yi we kly n Z cv i hgb, Lye fvj g q fvwi PgrKvi Qwe LyeB Av Í K_v e jb wzwb GLv bñ Lye, fvwi, LyeB we kl Yi we kly evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 3

GmGmGBPGj M. wµqvi we kly ev wµqv we kly t h c ` ev K i wµqvc`wui Y, cök wz, ZxeªZv, BZ vw` cök wzmz Ae v evsvq Zv K wµqvwe kly e j ZvovZvwo hvi mnv m ej jb Av Í ej GB wzbwu ev K ÔZvovZvwoÕ Ômnv m Õ ÔAv ÍÕ GB wzbwu c` hvi, ej jb I ejv wµqv K we kly Ki Q A_ I iƒc Abyhvqx wµqv we kly K K qkwu fv M fvm Kiv hvq A_ Abyhvqx fvm KvjevPK : Ôm`v _v Kv Avb `Õ (iex `ªbv_) vbevpk : Kv_vq cve Zv i cök wzevpk : mnv m ej jb; `viæy jvm Q iƒcmz fvm wefw³nxb : e wóc o Uvcyi-Uzcyi wefw³hy³ : mveav b _ Kv cöz qhy³ : Kvh Z `Lv Mj AmgvwcKv wµqv : Mvb M q `uvo gvws Uv b (AZzj cömv`) wøiæ³kã : SiSi Si Q N. Ae qi we kly : Ae q c `i we kly K Ae qi we kly ejv nq hgb, wvk mvg b bri iv Lv; AwZ AK vrb NUbvUv NU jv MV bi wepv i K. Zw Z cöz qrvz we kly : k ã h cöz q hvm Kiv nq, Zv Zw Z cöz q eû we kl k ã GB kªyxi cöz q hvm K i we kly cviqv hvq GB RvZxq we klyb n jv Zw Z cöz qrvz we kly hgb, g½j+bk(vt&) = gv½wjk, ki`&+a (AY&) = kvi`, bcvj+b= bcvwj L. wµqvrvz we kly : avzzi mv _ K rcöz q hvm K i h kã nq Zvi c` we kly n j Zv K ejv nq wµqvrvz we kly Gi Ab bvg K `ší we kly GB kªyxi we kl Yi K qkwu kªyxwefvm Kiv hvq : K `ší GKc`x : wbiší, az e K `ší eûc`x : nvwi q-hviqv ab wµqvwøz RvZ : Avwm Avwm fve; cvjvb cvjvb gb aÿb vzœk kãrvz : cü vk c K nuvm AmgvwcKv wµqvrvz : PuwP q ejj wµqvwe kl RvZ : cvwl Z LvIqv Kjv M. me bvgrvz we kly : `k, Kvj, cwigvy, mv` k BZ vw` cökv k wkqy wkqy me bvg cöz q hy³ n q we kl Yi KvR K iñ G `i ejv nq me bvgrvz we kly hgbñ GZ Av jv, ZZ UvKv; hz Zviv Ze AvKv k (iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) N. Ae qrvz we kly : we kly wn m e Ae q e eüz n j Zv K Ae qrvz we kly e j Av Qv wec`; AK vr e wó Zzwg nvvr-nviqvq f m-avmv ab (iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) BDwbU-1 c ôv- 4

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq me bvg c` h c` we kl ev bvgc `i cwie Z e eüz nq, Zv K me bvg c` e j Avwg, Zzwg, m, Zv, GwU, Kx, me bv gi D`vniY wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Gevi Avgiv me bvg e env ii ÿî wji wel q Av jvpbv Kwi GKB we kl c `i evievi e envi cwinvi Kivi Rb me bvg e eüz nq hgb, wkgy AvR wek we` vj q hvq wb m Amy Kvb e w³ ev e Ízi cwipq bv Rvbv _vk j me bvg e eüz nq hgb, GB loh š i wcq b KD wbðq Av Q cwipq Mvcb ivlvi D Ï k me bvg c` e eüz nq hgb, bvg Rvbvi Kx `ikvi KD GKRb n eb cökœ wrávmvi Rb me bvg c` e eüz nq hgb- K ewm j AvwR ü`qvm b; (iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) evsjv me bvg K K qkwu kªyx Z fvm Kiv hvq m jv wb P Av jvpbv Kiv n jv K. e w³ evpk ev cyiælevpk : e w³bv gi cwie Z h me bvg e m Zv K e w³evpk me bvg ev cyiælevpk me bvg e j GB me bv gi wzbwu kªyx Av Q wb P kªyx jv Av jvpbv Kiv n jv cyiæl f ` me bv gi wzbwu fvm Av Q, m wj n jv: DËgcyiæl : e³v ^qs wksev Zvi mv _ Ab huv `i n q wzwb ej Qb, wzwb n jb DËgcyiæl hgbñ Avwg, gyb, Avgiv, gviv wj½ f ` GB me bv gi Kvb cwiez b nq bv epb I Kvi Ki wefw³ Gi mv _ hy³ nq Awefw³K iƒc ÔAvwg ^ wefw³mövnx iƒc ÔAvgv ^ GB me bv gi wkqy wefw³hy³ iƒcñ Avgvi, Avgv K, Avgvq, gvi, Avgv `i, gv `i, Avgvw`M K, Avgvw` Mi, Avgv `i K Avgv `i K ewk e eüz nq bv gvi, gv `i, cöavbz KweZvq e envi nq gyb, gvw`m K, mvaviyz AvÂwjK fvlvq kvbv hvq ga gcyiæl : Kvb e³vi mvg b Dcw Z kªvzv n jv ga gcyiæl GB cyiæ l e eüz me bvgñ Zzwg, Zvgiv GwU mvaviy iƒc G Qvov GKwU m vwbz iƒc Av Q m vwbz iƒc n jvñ Avcwb, Avcbviv Ges Zz Qv_ K iƒc n jvñ ZzB, Zviv wj½ f ½ GB me bv gi Kvb cwiez b nq bv epb I KviK f ` wefw³hy³ n q Ab iƒc bq GB me bv gi wkqy D`vniYÑ Zvgvi, Zvgv K, Zvgv `i, Avcbvi, Avcbv K, Avcbv `i, Zvi, Zv K, Zv `i cö_g cyiæl : hlv b Kvb K_vevZ v n Q mlv b Abycw Z, wkší z K_vevZ vq DwjøwLZ Ggb e w³ wksev e Íz wksev cövyx cö_g cyiæl hgbñ evmvq G m `wl wkgy e m Av Q wzwb GLbI Av mb wb cö_g cyiæ li Rb h me bvg e envi Kiv nq Zv n jvñ m, Zviv, Zvnviv; wzwb, Zviv, Zuvnviv; I, Iiv, Iiv; Dnv, Dnviv wj½ f ` G me me bv gi Kvb cwiez b nq bv Z e epb I KviK f ` cöz q A_ev wefw³hy³ n q Ab iƒc bq hgb- m, Zv K, Zvi; wzwb, Zv K, Zvui, Zuvnvi, Zuviv, Zvnvi, Zv `i, Zv `i K, Zuvnvw`M K, Zuvnvw` Mi; I, I K, Ii; Iui, Iu K, I `i, I `i K; Iu `i Iu `i K, Dnvw` Mi, Dnvw`M K cö_g cyiæ li me bvg wji g a wkqy me bvg Kej cövyxevpk k ãi cwie Z B e m hgbñ m, wzwb, Zviv, Zuviv, Zuvnvi wkqy me bvg AcÖvYxevPK I cövyxevpk `yikg k ãi cwie Z B em Z cv i hgbñ G, GUv, mwu, I jv, muv h c` we kl ev bvgc `i cwie Z e eüz nq, Zv K me bvg c` e j e³v ^qs wksev Zvi mv _ Ab huv `i n q wzwb ej Qb, wzwb n jb DËgcyi l Kvb e³vi mvg b Dcw Z kªvzv n jv ga gcyi l hlv b Kvb K_vevZ v n Q mlv b Abycw Z, wkšíz K_vevZ vq Dwj wlz Ggb e w³ wksev e Í z wksev cövyx evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 5

GmGmGBPGj L. wb ` kk ev wby qevpk : h me bv g Kvb wkqy K wbw` ó K i `q, Zv K wb ` kk me bvg ev wby q evpk me bvg e j GB kªyxi me bv gi `y Uv kªyx Av Q `~iz evpk : GB kªyxi wb ` kk me bvg `~ ii wrwbm wb ` k K i hgbñ IUv, Iiv, Iuiv, IBUv, IB wj mvgxc evpk : Kv Qi wrwbm K wb ` k Ki Z GB kªyxi wb ` kk me bvg e eüz nq hgbñ GUv, GBUv, GB wj, GBwU, Guiv, Giv, Bwb, G wj M. Awb ` k evpk ev AwbðqevPK : h me bvg Kvb wkqy K mivmwi wbw` ó K i `q bv, Zv K Awb ` kk me bvg ev AwbðqevPK me bvg ejv nq h e w³ wksev e Í zi cwipq Rvbv bb, Zv `i cwie Z e eüz me bvgi GB kªyxi hgbñ KD, wkqy, AgyK, Kv_vI, KL bv GKvwaK me bvg A_ev me bv gi wøz Awb ` kk me bv gi KvR Ki Z cv i G `i ejv nq hšwmk me bvg hgbñ h Kn, KD KD, Kvb wkqy, hv wkqy. Ab wkqy, wkqy wkqy N. cökœevpk : cökœ ev wrávmvi Rb h me bvg ev K e eüz nq Zv K cökœevpk me bvg e j hgbñ K, Kviv, Kx, Kvb, KB, Kv_vq BZ vw` O. AvZ evpk ev AvZœ evak : Ab Kv iv mnvqzvq bq ev gva g bq, KZ v wb RBÑ G ikg fve evsv bvi Rb h me bvg e eüz nq Zv K AvZ evpk me bvg ev AvZ evak me bvg ejv nq hgb, wzwb ^qs G mwq jb Avwg wb Ri Pv L `Ljvg GB me bvg K ^KZ Z ÁvcK me bvgi ejv n q _v K Gi GKwU we kl iƒc K e j e wznvi me bvg G Z `yb c ÿi mn hvm ev G Ki Dci A b i wbf izv evsvq hgb, Iiv ci úi K mvnvh K i `yb fvb G K A b i Dci wbf ikxj P. ms hvmevpk ev msmwzevpk : h me bvg `ywu ev K i ms hvm mvab K i Zv K ms hvmevpk me bvg ev msmwvzevpk me bvg e j hgb, Avwg ejjvg h ZzwgB GB KvRUv K iv Avwg ewj Kx Zzwg GLv bb _ K hvi mv cÿ ev mgy Pqx me bvg ms hvmevpk me bv gib GKwU we kl e envwik iƒc Q. Ab vw`evpk : h me bvg wbr wfbœ Ab K evsvq Zv K Ab vw`evpk me bvg ejv nq hgbñ Ab, Aci, AgyK R. mvkzj evpk : h me bvg e w³, e Íz cöf wzi mgwó evsv bvi Rb e eüz nq, Zv K e j mvkzj evpk me bvg hgbñ Dfq, mkj, BZ vw`, cöf wz S. cöwzwb ` kk : hvi-zvi, h- m BZ vw` me bvg G Ki m ½ Ab wu e eüz nq G `i ejv ejv nq cöwzwb ` kk me bvg wj½, epb I KviK f ` h c `i Kvb cökvi cwiez b mvab Kiv hvq bv, Zv K Ae q c` e j Ae q wj½, epb I KviK f ` h c `i Kvb cökvi cwiez b mvab Kiv hvq bv, Zv K Ae q c` e j fvlvweávbx mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva vq Ae qi msáv hfv e w` q Qb Zv n jv, ÔevK MZ Dw³ K Ges evk Ab vb c` wji ci ú ii m ^Ü K vb, Kvj, cvî I cökvi wel q mycwiùzu Kwiqv `q, Ggb c` K Ae q e j Õ wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Gevi Avgiv Ae qi kªyxwefvm wb q Av jvpbv Kwi Ae qi kªyxwefvm m ú K A bk ikg gz Av Q m-me g Zi mgb q Ae qi h kªyxwefvm Kiv hvq Zv wb P Av jvpbv Kiv n jv K. g bvfveevpk ev AšÍf vevz K : Av em, cökœ, N Yv, weiw³, cöf wz g bvfve cökvkk kã, hv ev K i Ab qi m ½ cöz ÿfv e hy³ bv n qi ev K c` wn m e _v K, Zv `i ejv nq BDwbU-1 c ôv- 6

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq g bvfveevpk Ae q ev Av emevpk Ae q ev AšÍf vevz K Ae q Kx ai bi fve cökvk Kiv n Q, GB wepv i g bvfveevpk Ae qi ek K qkwu kªyx Av Q cökœevpk : m Kx Avm e? evk vjskvi ev Ab_ K : wkqyb Zv evwk _vk e bv wb lavzœk : Zzwg GLb hv e bv Am wzávck : KL bvb bv m wzávck : Av Qv Zvgvi K_vB ibj cöksmvevpk ev Aby gv`bm~pk : ÔAv gwi evsjv fvlvõ-(azzj cömv`) N Yv-weiw³m~PK : aÿ r, GUv Kx K iq Zzwg? fq-hš Yv-g bvkóávck : nvq nvq, me Mj we qm~pk : GKx AevK KvÛ KiæYvm~PK : Avnv! epviv K Avgvi Kv Q Avm Z `vi m ^vab ev AvnŸvb m~pk : n eüz n wcöq L. mgy Pqx Ae q : h Ae q GKvwaK c` wksev ev K i ms hvm NUvq, A_ev Zv `i c _K K i, wksev ms KvPb K i Zv K mgy Pqx Ae q e j mgy Pqx Ae qi ek K qkwu cökvi f` Av Q wb P cökvi f `i Av jvpbv Kiv n jv: mskqevpk Ae q : GB ai bi Ae q m `n wøav BZ vw` cökvk K i hgb, Ôhw` Zv i bvb wpwb Mv m wk Avgvq b e wp bõ (iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) ÔIB eyws euvwk ev R, (iex `ªbv_ VKzi) ms hvrk ev hvrk Ae q : h Ae q `ywu c` wksev `ywu LÛevK K Rvov jvmv bvi KvR K i, Zv K ms hvrk Ae q ev hvrk Ae q e j hgb, gn I iš `ªi Ljv m G m cušqv jv Ges ZrÿYvr Uªb Qvo jv wkší z mevi PvB Z fv jv cvdiæwu Avi Svjv o we qvrk ev ˆeKwíK Ae q : h Ae q `ywu wek íi g a ms hvm mvab K i, Zv K we qvrk ev ˆeKwZ K Ae q e j kvcjv A_ev wkgy hv e Mvmj K i hv e bv G m Mvmj Ki e? m GLv b Avm e wksev Avwg mlv b hve ms KvP Ae q : GB ai bi Ae q mvaviyz `ywu evk K hy³ K i hy³ evk mvaviyz wecixz fve cökvk K i hgbñ m me Rvbj I eysj wkší z gyl dy U wkqy ej Z cvij bv GZ wek vm Kijvg A_P mb Avgv K VKvj! nzzevpk ev KviYvZ K Ae q : h Ae q Kvh KviY m úk wb ` kk `ywu evk K hvrbv K i, Zv K nzzevpk Ae q ev KviYvZ K Ae q e j hgb, GZ Rv i e wó nw Qj h evb i hviqv hvq wb nv Z UvKv wqj bv e jb ZLb `vg w` Z cvwi wb ` ji mevb mfvz vm Ki jb, myzivs Zuv KI h Z n jv e wz ikvz K ev Ab _vm~pk Ae q : Kvb GKwU NUbv bv NU j Zvi cwiywz Z Kx n e, G ikg fve cökvkk `y Uv evk wksev evk vsk K h Ae q w` q hy³ Kiv nq ZvBe wz ikvz K Ae q ev Ab _vm~pk Ae q hgb, fv jv K i co bb j dj Ki e GKUz Av MB h qv bzzev emvi RvqMv cv e bv hw` UvKvi hvmvo bv nq Zvn j Kx n e? wbz m ^Üx ev mv cÿ Ae q : wkqy wkqy Ae q me `vb G K A b i cwic~ik n q ev K e eüz nq, G ai bi Ae q K wbz m ^Üx ev mv cÿ Ae q ejv nq wbz m ^Üx Ae qi D`vniY, hgbñ Zgb, cv Q-ZvB, hw`-zey, e U-wKšÍ z ÔZey g b i Lv hw` `~ i hvb P jõ Ôcv Q myi fzwj ZvB fq nqõ-(iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 7

GmGmGBPGj ev K h c` Kvb wkqy Kiv, NUv, niqv BZ vw` wb ` k K i, Zv K wµqvc` ev wµqv e j cöwz lak ev mxgvwb ` kk ev cöwzcvwÿk Ae q : GB ai bi Ae q `ywu evk K hy³ K i `q, wkší z mb m ½ cö_g evk wui A_ K wbw` ó A_ev mxwgz K i hgb, mevb G mwqj ïay GKRb ev ` GZ e wó n jv Zey Mig Kgj bv cwikªvší n qq eis GKUz wekªvg bvi Ae vz K ev NUbvm~PK Ae q : GB ai bi Ae q mvaviyz ev K i cö_ g e m I c ii LÛevK `ywu K Ry o `q Ges mb m ½ GKwU LÛevK K Ab wui mv cÿ I kz vaxb K i `q hgb, hw` Rvb Zg Avgvi wk mi e _v Zvgvq RvbvZvg -(iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) hw` Dcvq _vk Zv Zvgv K Aek B mvnvh KiZvg e e vzœk Ae q : GB kªyxi Ae q Ggb `ywu ev K i ms hvm NUvq hvi cö_gwu Kvb Ae vi K_v Rvbvq, Avi wøzxqwu mb Abyhvqx Kx e e v bqv n jv Zv cökvk K i hgb, Mig jvmwqj ZvB cvlvwu Pvwj q w`jvg KvRUv k³ Zvn j A bk cwikªg Ki Z n e Dcgv ` vzk Ae q : h Ae q Dcgvb I Dc gqi g a ms hvm NUvq Zv Dcgv ` vzk Ae q hgb, Puv `i gz gyllvwbñ Dcgv `qv n Q gyl-gi ZvB ÔgyLÕ Dc gq Puv `i m ½ Dcgv `qv n QÑ ÔPuv`Õ Dcgvb ÔgZÕ Ae qwu GB `y qi g a ms hvm NUv Q ZvB GwU n jv Dcgv ` vzk Ae q Zgwb, KwP KjvcvZvi gz meyr is M. c`vb qx Ae q : h Ae q ev K i `ywu c `i g a m ^Ü wbiƒcy K i, Zv K c`vb qx Ae q e j GB kªyxi Ae q cök Zc ÿ AbymM hgb- Avgvi Øviv; my Li Rb ; Avb `i m ½; Zvgv K w` q GKvR n e bv A bk Dcgv ` vzk Ae q KI GB kªyx Z djv hvq hgbñ cvm ji gz ; Kvby nb Ywewa N. aÿb vzœk Ae q : evsjv aÿb vz K kã wj K A bk mg qb Ae q wn m e MY Kiv nq, Ges Zv K ejv n q _v K aÿb vz K Ae q hgb, k~b evwo Lvu Luv Ki Q wewó c o Uvcyi Uzcyi z j Xs Xs K i N Uv e R DV jv gvwq fb fb K i fvlvweávbx mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva v qi g Z, GB kªyxi Ae q K AbyKvi Ae q ev AÜKvi m~pk Ae qi ejv nq Dc ii D`vni Yi aÿb vz K k ãi A bk wjb wµqv we kly, K qkwu ms hvmg~jk wµqv aÿ vz K kã Ab h Kvb k ãi gzb evsjv kã Zv we kl, we kly, wµqv me ik gb n Z cv i hrb G `i wbwe Pvi Ae q wn m e MY Kiv P j bv wµqv c` wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb wµqvc` Kv K e j cö_ gb Avgiv Zv R b wbb ev K h c` Kvb wkqy Kiv, NUv, niqv BZ vw` wb ` k K i, Zv K wµqvc` ev wµqv e j ev K wµqv c` _vk eb Avwg hvb wzwb G mwq jb mevb ejj Z e evsjvq A bk mgqb wµqvc` Dn _vk Z cv i ÔXvKv GKwU kniõ Gi wµqvc` ÔnqÕ Dn Av Q Z e G ai bi evk AZxZKvj n j Dn wµqvwu ewi q c o Ômywg my `ixõ GB ev K wµqvc` Dn wkší z Ômywg my `ix wqjõ GLv b ÔwQjÕ wµqvc`wu K Dn ivlv hvq bv avzzi DËi ev c i wµqv wefw³ hv M wµqv c` MwVZ n q _v K hgb, Kwi(Ki+B); hve>hvbe(hv+be); cowq> cwo ZwQ (co+ B ZwQ) BZ vw` me wµqvb Kvb bv Kvb avzz _ K Drcbœ wµqvi A bk ikg kªyx wefvm m e hgb: mkg K I AKg K wµqv, Ac~Y iƒc wµqv, AKZ K wµqv, A Í _ wµqv, bv Í _ wµqv, wyrší wµqv, mgvwckv wµqv, AmgvwcKv wµqv, hšwmk wµqv, ms hvmg~jk wµqv wkÿv_ x eüziv cö_ gb Avgiv mkg K I AKg K wµqv wk Zv R b wb q Ab wµqvi wel q Av jvpbv Ki ev BDwbU-1 c ôv- 8

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq mkg K wµqv : h wµqvi ewy Z welq ïaygvî D Ïk K Aej ^b K ib m ú~y nq bv, Ab wkqy K wb q Z eb c~y nq, mb wµqv K mkg K wµqv ejv nq mkg K wµqvi Kg _v K m fvz Lvq GB ev K ÔLvqÕ wµqvc`wui KZ v Ô mõ, Kg ÔfvZÕ Zvn j ÔLvqÕ wµqv mkg K m Avgv K Dcnvi w` q Q gv wkï K LvIqv Qb wµqvwui wel q Kx wksev Kvnv K (Kv K) cökœ Ki j hw` DËi cviqv hvq, Zvn j wµqvwu mkg K Kvb Kvb mkg K wµqvi GKwU gvî Kg _vk Z cv i m dzuej L j evn gvsm Lvq GLv b Ô L jõ I ÔLvqÕ wµqvc` wj wel q ÔKxÕ cökœ Ki j DËi cviqv hv e ÔdzUejÕ Ges ÔgvsmÕ ÔKv KÕ cökœwui DËi GLv b cviqv hvq bv wkší z Kvb wµqvi ÿ Î `ywu Kg niqv m e G ikg wµqv K e j wøkg K wµqv wzwb Avgv K GKwU Kjg w` q Qb GLv b Ôw` q QbÕ wµqvi `ywu Kg ÔAvgv KÕ I ÔKjgÕ wyrší ev cö hvrk wµqv me mgq mkg K AKg K wµqv : h wµqvi Kg bb Ges Kg _vkvi m e bq, Zv K ejv nq AKg K wµqv GB ai bi wµqv Z Kej NUbvUvB evsvq, Kvi A_ev Kx mi Ici Zv NU Q, Zvi Kvb Bw½Z cviqv hvq bv m hvq RvnvR R j fv m m Av m ax i hvq jv R wd i-(iex `ªbv_ VvKzi) D`vniY wji hvq, fv m,av m BZ vw` wµqvc` AKg K wµqv h wµqvi ewy Z welq ïaygvî D Ïk K Aej ^b K ib m ú~y nq bv, Ab wkqy K wb q Z eb c~y nq, mb wµqv K mkg K wµqv ejv nq mkg K wµqvi Kg _v K h wµqvi Kg bb Ges Kg _vkvi m e bq, Zv K ejv nq AKg K wµqv wµqvc `i Ab vb kªyxi Av jvpbv wb P Kiv n jv: Ac~Y iƒc wµqv ev Am ú~y wµqv : h me wµqv K me ikg Kv j I fv e cökvk Kiv P j bv Zv `i ejv nq Am ú~y wµqv ev Ac~Y iƒc wµqv ev c½ywµqv h me avzz _ K GB ai bi wµqv nq Zv `i bvg Am ú~y avzz ev c½y avzz ÔAvQ&Õ avzzi fwel rkvj bb, GB Kv ji Rb Ô_vKÕ - avzz e envi Ki Z nq ÔeU&Õ avzzi ez gvb Kvj Qvov Ab Kvb Kvj bb Avwg AvR Pvi e U wkší z ÔeUeÕ, ÔeUZvgÕ nq bv ÔhvÕ-avZzi ÿ Î AZxZKv j ÔMg&Õ avzzi mvnvh jv M hvq, hv e wkší z Mj, Mjvg cyivnwuz ez gv bi ZvB AKZ K wµqv ev Kg nxb wµqv : A bk wµqvc `i KZ v _v K bv wksev Zv `i wby q Kiv hvq bv GB RvZxq wµqvc` K AKZ K wµqv ev KZ vnxb wµqv ejv nq hgb, j¾v Ki Q; kxz Ki Q; wl ` c q Q, Mig jvm Q A Í _ wµqv ev Aw ÍevPK wµqv : Aw ÍZ -_vkv BZ vw` evak wµqvc` K A Í _ K wµqv ev Aw ÍevPK wµqv ejv nq n, AvQ, e r, in&, _vk& cöf wz avzz _ K GB kªyxi wµqv nq hgb, evox Z Pvj Av Q Zvi A bk UvKv wqj Zzwg AvR mvay e U b v Í _ wµqv ev bt&_ K wµqv : h me wµqvc` bt&_ K A_ vr bv, bvb, wb la, cöf wz fve cökvk K i Zv K bv Í _ wµqv ev bt&_ K wµqv e j hgb, m evox Z bb KvRUv mnr bq wyrší wµqv ev cö hvrk wµqv : h wµqvq Ab K w` q Kiv bv ev msmvb evsvq, Zv K cö hvrk wµqv ev wyrší wµqv e j hgb, gv wkï K `ya LvIqv Qb wkÿk QvÎ K cov Qb wzwb wgw Íwi K w` q KjUv mvwi q b eb wzwb jvk w` q R½j cwi vi Kiv Qb wyp& cöz q hvm K i h bzzb cö hvrk avzz nq, ms Z Zv K e j wyrší evsjv cö hvrk avzz MV bi g~j avzzi m ½ ÔAvÕ A_ev ÔIqvÕ hvm Ki Z nq Giv Kvb g ZB ÔwYP&Õ cöz q bq ZeyI ms Z bv gi Abyl ½ wyrší kãwu evsjvq Pj Q hgb, Ki&+Av(wYP&) Kiv Gi _ K wµqviƒc Kiv bv, Kivw Q, Kive, Kiv eb BZ vw` cviqv hvq GB avzzi wµqvwe kl Kiv bv Lv + Iqv (wyp&) LvIqv Gi _ K wµqvwe kl LvIqv bv wµqviƒcñlviqvq, LvIqv eb, LvIqv Qb BZ vw` evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 9

GmGmGBPGj mgvwckv wµqv : ev K i h wµqv wksev wµqviƒc evk wui A_ úó K i I evk wu K m ú~y K i Zv K e j mgvwckv wµqv hgb, Avwg hvb wkgy Mvb MvB Q Avwg Zvi KvQ _ KB K_vUv kybjvg mgvwckv wµqv Qvov evk nq bv D jøl h, mgvwckv wµqv Kvb c _K kªyxi wµqv bq h Kvb wµqvib mgvwckv Ges AmgvwcKvÑ GB `yikg iƒcb n Z cv i me we aq wµqvb mgvwckv wµqv AmgvwcKv wµqv ev AmgvwcKv wµqviƒc : h wµqviƒc evk K m ú~y Zv `q bv Ges we aq wel q wbwðzfv e wkqy cökvk K i bv, Zv K e j AmgvwcKv wµqv ev AmgvwcK wµqviƒc hgb, K_vUv ky b wzwb Lywk n jb; ÔAvR Zvgv K `L Z G jgõ-(iex `ªbv_ VvKzi); ÔUvKv g i cvjvwe k lõ?ñ(mykzgvi ivq) GB me ev K `L Z, ky b, g i AmgvwcKv wµqv hšwmk wµqv : GKUvi ewk wµqv wb q ˆZwi wµqvc` K ejv nq hšwmk wµqv ev wgwjz wµqv hgb, LvBqv dwjj L q djj, Kwi Z cvwi e Ki Z cvi e; ewmqv cwoj e m coj hšwmk wµqvi ÿ Î GKwU AmgvwcKv I Ab wu mgvwckv wµqv _v K AmgvwcKv wµqvwui A_ B cövavb cvq ZvB Zv K e j gyl wµqv LvBqv dwjj L q djj; ewmqv cwoj e m coj mgvwckv wµqvwu gyl wµqv K mvnvh K i ev mnvqzv `q Gi bvg MŠY wµqv ev mnkvix wµqv Kwi Z cvwi e Ki Z cvi e; ewmqv cwoj e m coj gyl wµqvwu Z ÔB ZÕ, ÔBqvÕ; wksev PwjZ fvlvq Ô ZÕ; ÔB qõ, Ô qõ cöz q hy³ n q _v K KvjevPK cöz q I cyiælevpk wefw³ KejgvÎ MŠYwµqv ZB hvm nq w` Z P qwqj ÔB ZÕ wksev Ô ZÕ-AšÍ gyl wµqv wewkó hšwmk wµqv K K qkwu kªyx Z fvm Kiv P j (1) cöviw KZv evak : L Z jvmj; h Z jvmj (2) B Qv evak : w` Z PvB; ej Z PvB Q (3) AbygwZ ev Aby gv`b evak : ej Z `vi; MvB Z e jv (4) kk Zv evak : Ki Z cvi e; nuvu Z cv i bv (5) mvg_ evak ev Ab wbf i mvg_ evak : `L Z cjvg (6) wbišíizv evak : ej Z _v K ; `Šov Z _v K ÔBqvÕ ev ÔGÕ-AšÍ gyl wµqvwewkó hšwmk wµqv KI K qkwu fv M fvm Kiv P j (1) c~y Zv evak : L q djj; K i emj; M o Zz j Q; f ½ c o Q (2) Avi evak : Ku ` DVj; j M coj (3) vwqz ev wbz Zv evak : j M _vkj; R M _v K; `vuwo q ibj (4) wbišíezv evak : e j Pjj (5) wbðqzv evak : w` q G mv, Nywg q wbj (6) Af vm evak : wm q _v Kb; wb q Av m (7) cixÿv evak : P q ` Lb; ey S wb qv wµqvø ØI hšwmk wµqvi GKwU kªyx GLv b `yb wksev ZviI ekx msl K wµqv Zv `i wb Ri A_ ervq i L GKm ½ e eüz nq hgb, hviqv Avmv; ey S ky b `Lv, nu U P j eov bv ms hvmg~jk wµqv : GKvwaK c` mgwb Z wµqvc `i GKwU we kl wksev we kly n j, Zv K ejv nq ms hvmg~jk wµqv hgb, jvd `qv; wrávmv Kiv; wbe vwmz Kiv; `Šo jvmv bv; `~ixf~z Kiv; nvz jvmv bv; e n P j D jøl h, hšwmk wµqvi GKvwaK c `i wµqv, wkší z G Z me wjb wµqvc` ms hvrkg~jk wµqvi GKwU c` we kl wksev we kly BDwbU-1 c ôv- 10

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cv VvËi g~j vqb ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. c` Kv K e j? Kq cökvi? D`vniYmn e vl v Kiæb mswÿß DËig~jK cökœ 1. c` ej Z Kx ev Sb? c` cöavbz Kq fv M wef³? 2. we kl Kv K e j? we kl Kq cökvi I wk wk? D`vniY mn cwipq w`b 3. we kly Kv K e j? we kly Kq cökvi I wk wk? D Ïk we kly I we aq we kly ej Z wk ev Sb? 4. bvg we kly K Kq fv M fvm Kiv hvq? cö Z K fv Mi GKwU K i D`vniY w`b 5. we kl Yi AwZkvqb ej Z wk ev Sb? wkiƒ c Zv mvab Kiv nq? 6. Ae q Kv K e j? Ae q Kq cökvi I wk wk? cö Z K cökv ii `ywu K i D`vniY w`b 7. D`vniYmn mgvwckv wµqv I AmgvwcKv wµqvi cv_ K eyws q w`b 8. wkiƒ c AKg K avzz K mkg K avzz Z cwiyz Kiv hvq mgavzzr Kg Kv K e j? D`vniYmn e vl v Kiæb 9. wµqvi cyiæl ej Z wk ev Sb? Kq cökvi I wk wk? cyiæl f ` wµqvi iƒ ci Kx cwiez b nq `Lvb wb ` k g~j cv Vi mvnvh wb q DËi jv ˆZwi Kiæb evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 11

GmGmGBPGj cvv - 2 D Ïk G cvvwu c o Avcwb Ñ mvay fvlv wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb PwjZ fvlv wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g a cv_ K wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb mvay I PwjZ fvlv Kb M o D V Q Zv Rvb Z cvi eb mvay I PwjZ fvlv Avw`gvÎvq Zrmg kãeûj, ms Z e vki Yi mwü-mgvm Avkªqx G fvlvixwz Z wµqv I me bvg c `i `xn iƒc e eüz nq g~jz mvwn Z i fvlv K Avkªq K ib mvayixwz M o D VwQj evsjvi gvby li gy Li fvlvi cuvpwu cöavb DcfvlvÑ ivwp, e½vwj, e i `ªx, Kvgiƒcx I SvoLÊx G wji g a ivpx KjKvZv I Zvi wbkuezx A ji ûmwj, b`xqv, DËi PweŸkciMYvi wkw Z I D P kªyxi gvby li gy Li fvlv; Avi GB fvlvi Dci wfwë K i h evsjv fvlvixwz M o D V Q Zv K ejv nq PwjZ fvlv ev PwjZ M` ixwz AwaKvsk ÿ Î mvwn Z i fvlv gy Li fvlv _ K wkqyuv c _K n q _v K mvwn Z i fvlv DbœZ wpšív, Kíbv I Abyf wz K cökvk K i e j Zv A cÿvk Z gvwr Z, cwikwíz I myweb Í Ab w` K Avgiv gy Li fvlv ˆ`bw `b Rxe b c _, Nv U, nv U, evrv i, mvsmvwik cö qvr b e envi Kwi e j Zv A cÿvk Z ^Z:ù Z I Rxeb úk x wjwlz I gy Li fvlviƒ ci G cv_ K me fvlv ZB i q Q evsjv fvlvi G _ K wew Qbœ bq wkší z evsjv wjwlz fvlvq GK mgq `ywu fvlvixwz M o D VwQj G ixwz `ywu n jv: mvayixwz I PwjZixwZ mvayixwz: Avw`gvÎvq Zrmg kãeûj, ms Z e vki Yi mwü-mgvm Avkªqx G fvlvixwz Z wµqv I me bvg c `i `xn iƒc e eüz nq g~jz mvwn Z i fvlv K Avkªq K ib mvayixwz M o D VwQj PwjZixwZ: evsjvi gvby li gy Li fvlvi cuvpwu cöavb DcfvlvÑ ivwp, e½vwj, e i `ªx, Kvgiƒcx I SvoLÛx G wji g a ivpx KjKvZv I Zvi wbkuezx A ji ûmwj, b`xqv, DËi PweŸkciMYvi wkwÿz I D P kªyxi gvby li gy Li fvlv; Avi GB fvlvi Dci wfwë K i h evsjv fvlvixwz (Standard Colloquial Bengoli=SCB) M o D V Q Zv K ejv nq PwjZ fvlv ev PwjZ M` ixwz PwjZ fvlvi kãfvûv i weï wkqy ms Z kã Av Q wkší z Gi g~j kã nj ms Z _ K cövk wzi gva g cwiewz Z n q Avmv wecyj Z e kã fvûvi, Avi G ` ki Avh c~e RvwZ `i fvlv _ K ^vfvwekfv e M nxz `kx kãmg~n G fvlv ïay mvwn Z mxgve bq G fvlv ez gv b hgb mvwn Z i fvlv Zgwb wkwÿz R bi gšwlk fvewewbg qii gva g mvay I PwjZ iƒ ci cöwzôv wlª vb wgkbvwi I dvu DBwjqvg K j Ri (1801 mv j dvu DBwjqvg K jr cöwzwôz nq) jl Kiv hlb evsjvq ag MÖš I cvv cȳ ÍK ipbv Ki Z D ` vmx nb, ZLb Zuv `i mvg b mvwnwz K M ` i Kvb Av`k wqj bv Zuviv ms Z M ` i Av` k evsjv mvay fvlvi g~j KvVv gvwu ipbv K ib huv `i nv Z evsjv mvay M ` i cöv_wgk iƒcwu we klfv e M o D VwQj Zuv `i g a g Zÿ Äq we` vj¼vi we klfv e D jøl hvm Gi ci ivg gvnb ivq mvay M ` i Av iv hyw³wbf i KvVv gv wbg vy K ib ivg gvnb ivq 1815 wlª v ã cö_g mvay fvlv K_vwU Zuvi Ô e`vší MÖ š ÕÕ e envi K ib ciezx Kv j we` vmvmi, AÿqKzgvi `Ë, f `e gy Lvcva vq, ` e `ªbv_ VvKzi I ew¼gp `ªi nv Z mvay fvlv wekwkz n q m Rbkxj I gbbagx mvwn Z i gva g n q I V BDwbU-1 c ôv- 12

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq ew¼gp `ª, iex `ªbv _i ci kirp `ª Zuvi Dcb v mi ey bvq mvay fvlv e envi Ki ji cvî-cvîxi msjv c PwjZ M` e envi K i Qb wefzwzf ly, Zvivk¼i I gvwbk e ` vcva vq kirp `ªi avivb AbymiY K i Qb D jøl hvm, DBwjqvg Kixi K _vck _v bi wewfbœ kªyxi msjv c e eüz M` hw`i Av`k PwjZ evsjv wqj bv, ZeyI GLv bb gšwlk M` mvwn Z i cö_g cö ekvwakvi e j a i bqv nq we` vmvm ii kkzšíjvi msjvc As k wkqy PwjZ M` e envi K ib KjKvZv A ji PwjZ fvlv K wkwâr mvayfvlvi wgkªymn mvwn Z cö_g iƒc `b c vixpuv` wgî Zuvi ÔAvjv ji N ii `yjvjõ (1858) Dcb v m wkší z cy ivcywi PwjZ fvlvi e envi K ib KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn Zuvi Ôû Zvg cü vpvi bkkvõ (1862) MÖ š ew¼gp `ª, c vixpuv` wg Îi e eüz K_ fvlv K ^xk wz Rvwb qwq jb Ges GB fvlv K ÔAci fvlvõ bv g AwfwnZ K iwq jb GKwU cöe Ü wzwb G fvlv K ÒcÖPwjZ fvlvó e jwq jb m ez GB ÔcÖPwjZ fvlvõ _ KB c i ÔPwjZ fvlvõ K_vwUi cöpjb nq 1914 mv j cög_ PŠayix ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwîkv cökvk K i PwjZ M ` i c ÿ e vck mvwnwz K Av `vjb ïiæ K ib ZLb iex `ªbv_I Zv Z DrmvwnZ n q cy ivcywi PwjZ M` jlv Avi K ib Ges Gfv e mvwn Z µ g PwjZ M` GK QÎ cöwzôv jvf K i cy ivcywi PwjZ fvlvi e envi K ib KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn Zuvi Ôû Zvg cü vpvi bkkv' (1862) MÖ š mvay I PwjZ fvlvi cv_ K mvaviyz mvay fvlvi kãfvûv i Zrmg (ms Z) kã ewk _v K wkší z PwjZ fvlvq Z e I `kx, we `kx k ãi AvwaK `Lv hvq mvay fvlvq me bv gi c~y iƒc e eüz nq hgbñ Zvnv, hvnv, hvnvi, Bnv, Zvnv `i, hvnv `i BZ vw` PwjZ fvlvq me bv gi mswÿß iƒc e eüz nq hgbñ Zv, hv, hve, Zv `i, G, I BZ vw` mgvme c `i msl v mvay fvlvq ewk e eüz nq hgbñ Avmgỳ ª wngvpj, Kvh KviY k LwjZ BZ vw` PjwZ fvlvq mgvme c `i e envi Kg hgb: mgỳ ª _ K wngvjq ch ší, Kvh I Kvi Yi Øviv k LwjZ BZ vw` mvayfvlvq A bk ÿ Î wµqvi `xn iƒc cöpwjz hgbñ Kwiqv, Kwi ZwQ, KwiqvwQjvg BZ vw` PjwZ fvlvq wµqvi mswÿß iƒc e eüz nq hgbñ K i, KiwQ, K iwqjvg BZ vw` wefw³i e` j e eüz KZK wj Abym M ii mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g a cv_ K i q Q hgbñ mvay fvlv : Øviv, mwnz, nb Z, Af ší i BZ vw` PwjZ fvlv : w` q, m ½, wfz i, fz i ev g a BZ vw` Ab fvlvq cöpwjz cöev` cöepb (Proverbs) I wewkóv_ K c` Q (Idioms) PwjZ fvlvq mn RB Lvc L q hvq wkší z mvay fvlvq m jvi cö qvm weij hgbñ Rvi hvi gjyk Zvi, QvB dj Z fvov Kz jv, Kjv `Lv bv BZ vw` mvay fvlvi g a KZ v-kg -wµqv GB web vmµg mvaviyz jñnb Kiv nq bv wkší z PwjZ fvlvi ÿ Î ev K c `i web vmµg A bk Lvwb bgbxq hgbñ e wó co Q mkvj _ K hšwmk wµqvc `i e envi mvay fvlvq ewk wkší z PwjZ fvlvq wkqyuv Kg hgbñ mvay fvlv: Mgb Kiv, kqb Kiv, kªey Kiv BZ vw` PwjZ fvlv: hviqv, kvqv, kvbv BZ vw` evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 13

GmGmGBPGj wb P mvayixwz _ K PwjZ ixwz Z cwiez bi K qkwu bgybv `qv nj: K. mvay fvlv: GK e w³i `ybwu cyî wqj Zb a Kwbó cyî wczv K ewjj, ÒwcZv Avcbvi m úwëi g a Avgvi cövc Ask Avgv K w`b Ó Zvnv Z Zvnvw` Mi wczv wbr m úwë Zvnvw` Mi g a wefvm Kwiqv w` jb PwjZ fvlv: GKRb jv Ki `ywu Q j wqj Zv `i g a QvUwU evev K ejj, Òevev, Avcbvi wel qi g a h Ask Avwg cve, Zv Avgv K w`b Ó Zv Z Zv `i evev wb Ri m úwë Zv `i g a fvm K i w` jb L. mvay fvlv: Avgv `i fxiæzv wk wpiw`bb _vwkqv hvb e? fimv Kwiqv GBUzKz Kvb w`b ewj Z cvwie bv h, D P wkÿv K Avgv `i ` ki fvlvq ` ki wrwbm Kwiqv jb Z nb e cwðg nb Z hvnv wkqy wkwlevi Av Q, Rvcvb Zvnv `wl Z `wl Z mg Í `k QovBqv w`j Bnvi cöavb KviY, m wkÿv K Zvnviv `kx fvlvi Avav i evavb Kwi Z cvwiqv Q PwjZ fvlv: Avgv `i wfiæzv wk wpiw`bb _ K hv e? fimv K i GUzKz Kvb w`b ej Z cvie bv h, D Pwkÿv K Avgv `i ` ki fvlvq ` ki wrwbm K i wb Z n e cwðg _ K hv wkqy klevi Av Q, Rvcvb Zv `L Z `L Z ` k Qwo q w`j Gi cöavb KviY, m wkÿv K Zviv `kx fvlvi Avav i evuavb Ki Z c i Q M. mvay fvlv: gvbyl Kvb w`b Dcvmbv bv Kwiqv _vwk Z cv i bvb, _vwk Z cv i bv Dcv m i müv b I wbe vp b Zvnvi fyj nbqv _vwk Z cv i wkší z Avf šíixy Z òvq gvbyl wpiw`b gnëi kw³i m y L `n I g ÍK jywéz Kwiqv Avwm Z Q PwjZ fvlv: gvbyl Kvb w`b Dcvmbv bv K i _vk Z cv i wb, _vk Z cv i bv Dcv m i müvb I evqvb q Zvi fyj n q _vk Z cv i wkší z Af šíixy Z òvq gvbyl wpiw`b gnëi kw³i m y L `n I gv_v jywu q Avm Q N. mvay fvlv: cö qvr bi w`k nb Z `wl j we` vq gvby li KZ cö qvrb m K_v ejv evûj ; A_P m w`k w`qv Av jvpbv Kwi Z M j ZK I V Pvlx K we` v wklvb j Zvi Pvl Kwievi kw³ K g wkbv, x jvk K we` v wklvb j Zvi nixfw³, cwzfw³i e vnvz nq wkbv Gme m ` ni K_v cövqb ïwb Z cviqv hvq PwjZ fvlv: cö qvr bi w`k _ K `L j we` vq gvby li KZ cö qvrb m K_v ejv evûj ; A_P m w`k w` q Av jvpbv Ki Z M j ZK I V Pvlx K we` v klv j Zvi Pvl Kievi kw³ K g wkbv, x jvk K we` v klv j Zvi nixfw³, cwzfw³i e vnvz nq wkbv G me m ` ni K_v cövqb ïb Z cviqv hvq BDwbU-1 c ôv- 14

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cv VvËi g~j vqb ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. mvay I PwjZ fvlv ej Z Kx ev Sb? mvay I PwjZ fvlv Kb M o D V Q? mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g a cv_ K ey bv Kiæb mswÿß DËig~jK cökœ 1. mvay I PwjZ fvlv ej Z wk ev Sb? 2. mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g a wk wk cv_ K jÿ Kiv hvq, D jøl Kiæb 3. evsjv fvlvq mvay I PwjZ fvlv Kb M o D V Q Zv wb Ri fvlvq wjlyb wb ` k g~j cv Vi mnvqzv wb q DËi jv ˆZwi Kiæb evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 15

GmGmGBPGj cvv - 3 D Ïk G cvvwu c o Avcwb Ñ mwü wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb mwüi cökvi f` m ú K cwi vi aviyv cv eb mwüi wbqg Rvb Z cvi eb mwü wkfv e wby q Ki Z nq, m wel q aviyv cv eb mwü `ªæZ D Pvi Yi Rb ci úi mwbœwnz aÿwbi cwiez b nq G Z `ywu aÿwbi wgjb, cwiez b wksev jvc n Z cv i G ai bi wgjb ev jvc ev cwiez b K mwü e j mwü `yb cökvi : (1) ^i mwü I (2) e Äb mwü `e + Avjq= `evjq, Dr + k vm = D Q vm, AZ: + Ge = AZGe D`vniY wj Z `Lv hv Q h, `ywu ey AZ ší wbkuezx n j D Pvi Yi myweavi Rb Zviv Df q wg j GK ey nq, `ywu e Y i GKwUi iƒcvšíwiz nq, wksev GKwUi jvc nq, A_ev `ywui iƒcvšíi nq G Av jvpbvi Av jv K Avmyb wkÿv_x eüziv Avgiv mwüi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi `ªæZ D Pvi Yi Rb ci úi mwbœwnz aÿwbi cwiez b nq G Z `ywu aÿwbi wgjb, cwiez b wksev jvc n Z cv i G ai bi wgjb ev jvc ev cwiez b K mwü e j mwüi cökvi f` mwü `yb cökvi : (1) ^i mwü I (2) e Äb mwü 1. ^i mwü : `ywu ^i wbkuez x n j cövqb Zv `i wgj b GKwU ^i Drcbœ nq G K ^i mwü e j ^i mwüi wbqg A + A = Av nq hgb: e` + AšÍ = e`vší, Aci + Aci = Acivci A + Av = Av nq hgb: `e + Avjq = `evjq, Rj + Avkq = Rjvkq Av + Av = Av nq hgb: gnv + Avkq = gnvkq, we` v + Avjq = we` vjq B + B = C nq hgb: AwZ + BZ = AZxZ, Awf + Bó = Afxó C + C = C nq hgb: mzx + Ck = mzxk, irbx + Ck = irbxk D + D = E nq hgb: KUz + Dw³ = KU~w³, iæ + Dc `k = iƒc `k E + E = E nq hgb: f + EaŸ = f aÿ E + D = E nq hgb: ea~ + Dw³ = ea~w³ A + B, C = G nq hgb: `e + B `ª = ` e `ª, cig + Ck i = ci gk i Av + B, C =G nq hgb: h_v + Bó = h _ó, igv + Ck = i gk A + D, E = I nq hgb: ci + DcKvi =c ivckvi, GK + EbweskwZ = G KvbweskwZ A + F = Ai& nq hgb: ivr + Fwl = ivrwl, `e + Fwl = `ewl A + G, H =H nq hgb: Rb + GK = R bk, gz + HK = g ZK A + I, J = J nq hgb: Rj + IKv = R jškv, w`e + Jla = w` e Šla Av+I, J=J nq hgb: gnv+jla = g nšla B + B Qvov Ab ^iey =h hgb: cöwz + GK = cö Z K, cöwz + AveZ b = cöz vez b BDwbU-1 c ôv- 16

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq D A_ev E + D ev E Qvov Ab ^iey = e (AšÍ ) hgb: Aby + GlY = A b ly, my + AvMZ = ^vmz 2. e Äb mwü : e Äbe Y i m ½ e Äbe Y i A_ev ^ie Y i mv _ e Äbe Y i wgj bi d j h mwü nq, Zv K e Äb mwü e j D jøl h wemm mwü e Äb-mwÜi AšÍM Z e Äb mwüi wbqg ÔZÕ A_ev Ô`Õ-Gi ci ÔPÕ _vk j Z, `-Gi v b ÔPÕ nq hgb: Dr + Q` = D Q`, Dr + PviY = D PviY Ô`Õ-Gi ci K, Z, c, Z, m _vk j Ô`Õ Gi v b LÛZ (r) nq hgb: Z`& + mg = Zrmg, ü` + wcû = ürwcû, D`& + dzjø = Drdzjø ` + a +(bvwmk ey ) b, g _vk j `, a v b ÔbÕ nq hgb: Z`& + gq = Zb q, D`& + bqb = Dbœqb ÔZÕ A_ev Ô`Õ Gi ci R _vk j ÔZÕ, Ô`Õ-Gi v b ÔRÕ nq hgb: wec` + RbK = wec¾bk, hver + Rxeb = hve¾xeb Z&, `-Gi ci ÔkÕ _vk j `-Gi v b P Ges k-gi v b ÔQÕ nq hgb: Dr + k vm = D Q vm, Pjr + kw³ = Pj Qw³, Dr + k Lj = D Q Lj ÔWÕ c i _vk j c~e w Z ÔZÕ I Ô`Õ v b ÔWÕ nq hgb: D` + Wxb = DÇxb, Dr + Wqb = DÇqb ÔZÕ I Ô`Õ-Gi ci ÔjÕ _vk j ÔZÕ Ô`Õ-Gi v b j nq hgb: Dr + jvm = Djøvm, Dr + jl = D jøl ÔgÕ-Gi ci K, L, M, N, P, j _vk j ÔgÕ-Gi v b Abȳ ^vi nq hgb: mg& + kq = mskq, mg& + Kjb = mskjb, mg& + MxZ = msmxz, mg& + hvm = ms hvm, eig+p = eisp Ô`Õ-Gi c i ÔnÕ _vk j ÔnÕ Gi v b ÔaÕ nq hgb: D`& + nz = D Z, Z`& + wnz = Zw Z wemm mwü wem M i ci ÔZÕ _vk j wem M i v b ÔmÕ nq hgb: wbt + Zvi = wb Ívi, Aat + Zb = Aa Íb wem M i ci ÔPÕ A_ev ÔQÕ _vk j wem M i v b ÔkÕ nq hgb: `yt+pwiî = `yðwiî, `yt + wpšív = `ywðšív, wb: + wpšív = wbwðší wem M i ci U A_ev V _vk j wem M i v b g~a b -l nq hgb: abyt + U¼vi = abyó¼vi, wbt +Vzi = wbôzi ^iey c i _vk j h Kvb ^i ciezx ÔiÕ RvZ wemm v b ÔiÕ nq GB ÔiÕ ciewz ^ i hy³ nq A_ev id ( ) iƒ c ciewz e Ä bi Dc i e m hgb, Ant + An = Anin, cövz: + Avk = cövzivk, AšÍt + fy³ = AšÍf y³, wbt + Si = wbs i ^iey, e M i Z Zxq, PZz_, câg ey A_ev h&, i&, j&, e&, n&, c i _vk j ÔAÕ Kv ii c ii ÔiÕ RvZ v b ÔiÕ nq GB ÔiÕ ciezx ^ i hy³ nq A_ev id ( ) iƒ c ciewz e Ä bi Dc i e m hgb: cybt + AwaKvi = cybivwakvi, ewnt + AvMgb = ewnivmgb, AšÍt + AvZ v = AšÍivZ v, cybt + Avq = cybivq, cybt + evi = cybe vi, cöv`yt + fve = cöv`yf ve, ewnt + Mgb = ewnm gb evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 17

GmGmGBPGj wem M i ci ÔiÕ _vk j wemm vbxq ÔiÕ jvc cvq Ges c~e ez x ^i `xn nq hgb, wbt + im = bxim, Pÿzt + ivm = Pÿz ivm, wbt + ie = bxie, wbt + ivm = bx ivm wem M i ci K, L, c, d _vk j wem M i v b g~a b -l nq hgb, ewnt + Kvi = ewn vi, PZz: + Kvb = PZz vb, Avwet + Kvi = Avwe vi, wbt + dj = wbõj wem M i ci K,L, c, d, k, m _vk j A bk mgq wem M i cwiez b nq bv hgb, `yt + mva = `ytmva, cövz: + Kvj = cövz:kvj, wbt + m `n = wbtm `n, gbt + cxov = gbtcxov cv VvËi g~j vqb ipbvg~jk cökœ 1. mwü Kv K e j? Kq cökvi? D`vniYmn wjlyb mswÿß DËig~jK cökœ 1. mwü Kv K e j? Kq cökvi I wk wk? cö Z K cökv ii wzbwu K i D`vniY w`b 2. wemm mwü Kv K e j? D`vniYmn eyws q w`b 3. ^imwü I e ÄbmwÜ Kv K e j? cuvpwu K i D`vniY w`b 4. mwü we Q` Kiæb: mvbvjx, bivag, ceb, bx ivm, mâq, D Q vm, Z¾b, m ú~y, cwi vi, wbk vm, wki Q`, Avkxe v`, bxim, Z i, cy ivwnz, AZGe, gbxlv, cybe vi wb ` k g~j cv Vi mvnvh wb q DËi jv ˆZwi Kiæb BDwbU-1 c ôv- 18

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq cvv - 4 D Ïk G cvvwu c o Avcwb Ñ mgv mi msáv wjl Z cvi eb mgvm KZ cökvi I wk wk Zv Rvb Z cvi eb wewfbœ mgv mi h wfbœ wfbœ iƒc Av Q, m-wel q cwi vi aviyv cv eb mgvm avzz I cöz q hv M kã nq `yb ev Zvi P q ewk kã GK m ½ hy³ n q GKwU eo kã ˆZwi nq mgv mi gva g hgb: wczv I gvzv= wczv-gvzv; bxj h AvKvk= bxjvkvk; gvj en bi Mvwo= gvjmvwo G meb mgv mi D`vniY wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Gevi Avgiv mgv mi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi msáv: ci úi A_ m½wz wewkó `yb ev Z ZvwaK c `i GKc ` cwiyz niqv K mgvm e j g b ivl eb h h kã GKÎ n q mgvm ˆZwi K i Zv `i ejv nq mgm gvb c` hgb: P `ªe`b -Gi A_ Ggb KD hvi gyl (e`b) P `ªi gz (my `i) Gi g a Av Q `ywu mgm gvb c`ñ ÔP `ªÕ Ges Ôe`bÕ GKwÎZ Ae vq eo kãwui bvg mg Íc` hgb, MvcxRbejøfÑGB mg Íc`wUi mgm gvb c` wzbwuñ Mvcx, Rb, ejøf wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Avgiv Gevi mg Íc`wUi A_ Kivi Rb mgm gvb c` wji cvi úwik m ú K i w` K GKUz bri w`b mg Íc` K f O h evk vsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg e vmevk ev wemönevk hgb: ÔexYvcvwYÕÑ GB mg Í c`wui A_ ÔexYvcvwY Z (nv Z) hviõ Ges GwUB e vmevk wvk Zgwb cyy f~wg Ñ h f wg cyy ; ivrvcörv= ivrv Ges cörv mg Íc `i cö_g c`wu K ejv nq c~e c` Ges c iiwu DËic` exyvcvwyñ GB mgv mi c~e c` ÔexYvÕ I DËic` ÔcvwYÕ `y qi AwaK mgm gvb c` _vk j cö_g c` K c~e c` kl c` K DËic` Ges g a i c` jv K ga c` e j mgv m mgm gvb c~e c `i wefw³ jvc cvq evsjvq eû jb wefw³i wpý _v K bv, c~e c ` wefw³ _vk j ev AbymM _vk j mg Íc ` Zv jvc cvq evsjv fvlvq LuvwU evsjv kã QvovI eû ms Z, dviwm, Bs iwr BZ vw` k ãi cöpjb i q Q GK mgq wewfbœ k ãi GKÎ e envi mg_ b Kiv n Zv bv wkší z ez gv b kªæwzkuz bv n j wewfbœ kªyxi k ãi wgkª Yi weiæ AvcwË I V bv ms Z -ms Z, ms Z-evsjv, evsjvevsjv, evsjv-we `kx Ges we `kx-we `kx, k ãi wgj b mgvm nq Z e mgvm Kivi mgq h Kvb `yb ev Z Zvw`K c` K GK c ` cwiyz Ki jb mgvm nq bv c` jvi ci ú ii g a Ab q ev m úk _vk Z n e Ges c` jv K GK Î GKwU wewkó A_ cökvk Ki Z n e evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 19 ci úi A_ m½wz wewkó `yb ev Z ZvwaK c `i GKc ` cwiyz niqv K mgvm e j

GmGmGBPGj evsjvq mgvm cöavbz Qq cökvi h_v 1. Ø ` 2. Ae qxfve 3. Zrcyi l 4. eûeªxwn 5. Kg aviq I 6. wø h mgv m mgvb wefw³wewkó `yb ev Z ZvwaK c` wgwjz n q GK c ` cwiyz nq Ges mgm gvb cö Z KwU c `i A_ mgfv e cöavb _ K hvq, Zv K Ø ` mgvm e j mgv mi kªyx wefvm evsjvq mgvm cöavbz Qq cökvi h_vñ (1) Ø Ø (2) Ae qxfve (3) Zrcyiæl (4) eûeªxwn (5) Kg aviq I (6) wø Kvb Kvb ˆeqvKiYwe` mgv mi c~e c` I DËic `i A _ i ˆewkó we epbv K i kªyxwefvm K i Qb mgvm MV b KLbI Dfq c `i A_ cöavb nq, KLbI c~e c `i A_ cöavb nq, KLbI cic `i A_ cöavb nq Avevi KLbI ev Dfq c`ewnf Z wfbœ A_ cöavb n q _v K hgb: K) Dfq c `i A_ cöavb : Ø Ø mgvm L) c~e c `i A_ cöavb : Ae qxfve mgvm M) ci c `i A_ cöavb : Zrcyiæl mgvm, Kg aviq mgvm, wø mgvm N) Dfq c` ewnf ~Z A_ cöavb : eûeªxwn mgvm Kg aviq I wø mgv m cic `i A_ cöavb e j Zv `i Zrcyiæl mgv mi `jfz³ Kiv h Z cv i Z e evsjv e vki Y mgvm K Ø Ø, Ae qxfve, Zrcyiæl, eûeªxwn, Kg aviq I wø -GB Qq kªyx Z wef³ Kiv nq Zv Qvov GB Qq cökvi mgv mi AviI KwZcq Dc-wefvM i q Q Ø Ø mgvm ÔØ ØÕ k ãi A_ Ô RvovÕ h mgv m mgm gvb c` wji cöwzwui A_ B mgvb cövavb cvq, Zv K Ø Ø mgvm e j ÔIÕ, ÔGesÕ, ÔAviÕ, ÔZ_vÕ cöf wz ms hvmv_ K Ae qi mvnv h Ø Ø mgv mi e vm A_ vr, wefvm Ki Z nq h c`wu evbv b ev D Pvi Y A cÿvk Z QvU, GB mgv m mvaviyz mwu cö_ g e m Z e GB wbq gi e wzµgi Av Q h c`wui A_ A cÿvk Z MŠie- evak e j we ewpz nq, m c`wu Ab wu A cÿv eo n ji cö_ g em Z cv i Ø Ø mgv mi D`vniY gv I evc = gv-evc, nvz I gyl = nvzgyl, kwg K Avi wkgy K =kwgwkgy K, xi cy Îi Ges Kb vi = xcyîkb vi Zvn j wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Avgiv Gevi Ø Ø mgv mi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi msáv : h mgv m mgvb wefw³wewkó `yb ev Z ZvwaK c` wgwjz n q GK c ` cwiyz nq Ges mgm gvb cö Z KwU c `i A_ mgfv e cöavb _ K hvq, Zv K Ø Ø mgvm e j Gevi Avmyb wkÿv_ x eüziv Ø Ø mgv mi MVb wb q Avgiv Av jvpbv Kwi we k l -we k l, we kl YÑwe kl Y, me bv g-me bv g, wµqvq-wµqvq Ges wµqvwe kl Y-wµqvwe kl Y mvaviyz Ø Ø mgvm n q _v K wb P G jvi D`vniY `qv n jv: we k l - we k l : gvzv I wczv = gvzv-wczv, w`ev I ivwî= w`evivwî we kl Y-we kl Y : fvj I g `= fvjg `, QvU I eo = QvUeo me bv g-me bv g : h I m = h- m, hv I Zv = hv-zv wµqvq-wµqvq : `qv I bqv = `qv- bqv, Pjv I div = Pjv- div wµqvwe kl Y-wµqvwe kl Y: Q j I e j = Q j-e j, K j I KŠk j = K j KŠk j wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Avgiv Gevi Ø Ø mgv mi kã wel q Av jvpbv Kwi BDwbU-1 c ôv- 20

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq Ø Ø mgv m mvaviyz AZ ^i wewkó kã c~ e e m hgb: KxU I cz½ = KxUcZ½, N i I evb i = N i-evb i mgvb ^iwewkó `ywu k ãi g a ^ivw` kã c~ e e m hgb: Avg I Rvg =Avg-Rvg, Avc` I wec` = Avc`-wec` `ywu mgvb ^iwewkó Av-KvivšÍ kã c~ e e m hgb: ivrv I ivbx = ivrv-ivbx, gkv I gvwq = gkv-gvwq `ywu mgvb ^iwewkó k ãi g a D-Kvi ev I-Kvi hy³ kã c i e m hgb: bvk I gyl = bvk-gyl, gwy I gy³v = gwy-gy³v, nvwz I Nvov = nvwz- Nvov, fvb I evb = fvb- evb `ywu mgvb ^iwewkó I-Kvi hy³ I D-Kvi hy³ k ãi g a D-Kvi hy³ kã c i e m hgb: PvL I gyl = PvL-gyL, mvbv I iƒcv = mvbv-iƒcv Ø Ø mgv m mvaviyz m vbm~pk kã c~ e e m hgb: ivrv I cörv = ivrv-cörv, ^vgx I x = ^vgx- x A-KvivšÍ, nmší I mwü ^ihy³ kã c~ e e m hgb: b` I b`x = b`-b`x, `vm I `vmx = `vm-`vmx, myl I `ytl = myl-`ytl Ø Ø mgv m wb œwjwlz j wm nq hgb: Anb I ivwî = A nvivwî, Anb I wbwk = Anwb wk Ø Ø mgv mi cökvi f` Ø Ø mgvm K qk cökvi n Z cv i Gi g a D jøl hvm jv wb P Av jvpbv Kiv n jv mvaviyz Ø Ø : `yb ev Z ZvwaK c` GK c ` cwiyz n j Zv K mvaviy Ø Ø e j hgb: dj I g~j = djg~j, Avbv I Mvbv = Avbv Mvbv AjyK Ø Ø : evsjv wefw³-hy³ c `i Ø Ø cöpyi mg Í c ` c` jvi wefw³ jvc bv n j Zv K AjyK Ø Ø e j hgb: Av M I cv Q= Av M-cv Q, `y a I fv Z = `y a-fv Z, c _ I Nv U = c _-Nv U ÔBZ vw`õ A _ Ø Ø : mnpi-k ãi mv _ mgvm-øviv ÔAbyiƒc e ÍzÕ GBfve-cÖKv ki Rb GK cökv ii Ø Ø-mgvm evsjvq cöpwjz Av Q hgb: jvk I Rb = jvkrb, KvR I Kg = KvRKg, gv_v I gyûy = gv_v-gyûy GK kl Ø Ø : Avgiv, Zvgiv BZ vw` me bvg K ejv nq GK kl Ø Ø G me k ãi g a GKvwaK me bvg wg k Av Q I Zv `i cöwzwub cöavb hgb: Avgiv ej Z evsvq Ñ (K) Avwg Ges Zzwg; (L) Avwg, Zzwg Ges m; (M) Avwg Ges Zvgiv; (N) Avwg, Zvgiv Ges Zviv; (O) Avwg, Zzwg Ges Zviv wgjbv_ K Ø Ø : KvQvKvwQ m úk hy³ `yb ev Z ZvwaK c `i wgjb evsv j Zv K wgjbv_ K Ø Ø e j hgb: Q j I g q = Q j- g q, gv I evc = gv-evc, fvb I evb = fvb- evb mgv_ K Ø Ø : cövq GKB ikg A_ evak c `i wgjb evsv j Zv K mgv_ K Ø Ø e j hgb: Ni I evwo = Ni-evwo, ab I m ú` = ab-m ú`, nvu I evrvi = nvu-evrvi eûc`x Ø Ø : `y qi AwaK c `i wgjb n j Zv K eûc`x Ø Ø e j hgb: iƒc, im, kã, úk I MÜ = iƒc- im-kã- úk -MÜ, BU, KvV I cv_i = BU-KvV-cv_i; ^M, gz I cvzvj = ^M -gz -cvzvj evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 21

GmGmGBPGj h mgv m mgm gvb c `i c~e c` Ae q nq Ges mg Íc ` c~e c `i A_ cöavb f wgkv cvjb K i Zv K Ae qxfve mgvm e j cövw` mgvm g~jz Ae qxfve mgv mi ˆewPÎ we ivav_ K Ø Ø : wecixz A_ evak c `i wgjb evsv j Zv K we ivav_ K Ø Ø e j hgb: Avq I e q = Avq-e q; myl I `ytl = myl-`ytl, Rgv I LiP = Rgv-LiP, QvU I eo = QvU-eo Ae qxfve mgvm Ae q c` c~ e e m h mgvm nq Ges hv Z Ae qi A_ cöavb f~wgkv cvjb K i, Zv K Ae qxfve mgvm e j hgb: K~ ji mgx c = DcK~j, ÿ Y ÿ Y = cöwzÿy, we Nœi Afve = wbwe Nœ DcK~j, ÿ Y ÿ Y, wbwe Nœ GB wzbwu mg Í c ` Ae qi mv _ mgvm n q Q Ges Ae qi A_ cöavb f wgkv cvjb K i Q Avmyb wkÿv_ x eüziv Avgiv Gevi Ae qxfve mgv mi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi h mgv m mgm gvb c `i c~e c` Ae q nq Ges mg Íc ` c~e c `i A_ cöavb f wgkv cvjb K i Zv K Ae qxfve mgvm e j g b ivl eb mvgxc, cšb tcyb (exáv), Afve, cðvr, AbwZµg, ch ší, mv` k, hvm Zv cöf wz A _ Ae qxfve mgvm nq hgb: K~ ji mgx c = DcK~j, w` b w` b = cöwzw`b, wfÿvi Afve = `ywf ÿ, c `i cðvr = Abyc`, µg K AwZµg bv Kwiqv = h_vµg, giy ch ší = AvgiY, e bi mv` k = Dceb, iƒ ci hvm = Abyiƒc Ae qxfve mgv m A bk mgq c~e c ` wefw³ jvc cvq Ges ÔAwÿÕ v b ÔAÿÕ nq hgb: Awÿi mgx c = mgÿ, Awÿi AwfgyL = cªz ÿ, Awÿi Av MvPi = c ivÿ Ae q-hy³ eû mgvmwm c` evsjvq bvg-c`-iƒ c cwiyz n q Q hgb: DcØxc, `ywf ÿ, wbwe Nœ, wbivwgl, cöz ÿ BZ vw` cövw` mgvm cövw` mgvm g~jz Ae qxfve mgv mi ˆewPÎ MV bi w`k _ K we epbv Ki j Avgiv `wl h, Ae qxfv ei g ZvB cö_ g DcmM Ges Ae qi mv _ bvgc` mshy³ n q cövw` mgvm nq cv_ K Kej Dcm M i we kl ai bi cövw` mgv m mvaviyz cö, civ, Aby BZ vw` DcmM c~e c ` e m K `ší (K r cöz q mvwaz) we k l i mgvb nq hgb: cö (cök ó) h epb = cöepb, cö (cök ó) iƒ c fvz = cöfvz, cwi (PZzw` K) ågy = cwiågy, Aby(cðvr) Zvc = AbyZvc, `yt (g `) w`b = `yw` b, Awf (m yl) gyl = AwfgyL Zrcyiæl mgvm ÔZrcyiælÕ k ãi A_ ÔZvnvi m úkx q cyiælõñ GB mg Í c`wu K Abyiƒc mg Íc `i cözxk ev bvg ^iƒc e envi Kiv nq ms Z KZ KviK e ZxZ cuvpwu KviK Ges Ôm ^Ü c`õ Av Q GB QqwUi Rb GK-GK kªyxi wefw³ wbw` ó Av Q m-abymv i ms Z Zrcyiæl mgvm wøzxq Zrcyiæl, Z Zxqv-Zrcyiæl, PZz_ x-zrcyiæl, câgx-zrcyiæl, lôx Zrcyiæl I mßgx-zrcyiælñ GB QqwU Dc kªyx Z c o evsjvq AwZwi³ ÔcÖ_gv ZrcyiælÕI aiv n q _v K Zrcyiæl mgv m DËic `i A_ B cöavb nq; Avi c~e c `i m ½ Zvi KviK m ú K i Zzj m úk _v K hgb: Kvj K cövß = KvjcÖvß erªøviv AvnZ = erªvnz cörvi Rb wnz = cörvwnz BDwbU-1 c ôv- 22

evsjv `k Dš y³ wek we` vjq e ÿ nb Z cwzz = e ÿcwzz dz ji evmvb = dzjevmvb n Íi w Z = n Íw Z Dc i DwjøwLZ mgv m c~e c `i wøzxqv, Z Zxqv cöf wz wefw³i jvc n q DËi c `i A_ cöavbfv e evsv Q Zvn j Gevi Avmyb wkÿv_ x eüziv Avgiv Zrcyiæl mgv mi GKwU MÖnY hvm msáv cö`vb Kwi msáv: h mgv m c~e c `i wøzxqv, Z Zxqv BZ vw` wefw³i jvc n q DËi c `i A_ cöavb fv e evsvq Zv K Zrcyiæl mgvm e j Zrcyiæl mgv mi cökvi f` Zrcyiæl mgvm cöavbz wb œwjwlz Qq cökv ii n q _v K: (K) wøzxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm, (L) Z Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm, (M) PZz_ x Zrcyiæl mgvm (N) câgx Zrcyiæl mgvm (O) lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm Ges (P) mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm K. wøzxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e c `i wøzxqv wefw³i jv c h mgvm nq Zv K wøzxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e j hgb: fq K cövß = fq cövß, gv K nviv = gvnviv, we q K Avcbœ = we qvcbœ e vwß A _ I wøzxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq hgb: ÿy Kvj e vwcqv vqx = ÿy vqx, wpikvj e vwcqv mylx = wpimylx wµqv-we kl Yi m ½ K `ší c `i wøzxqv Zrcyiæl nq hgb: axifv e Mvgx = aximvgx, wbgfv e ivwr = wbgivwr L. Z Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e c `i Z Zxqv wefw³i jv c h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv K Z Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e j hgb: Kó Øviv mva =Kómva, gay w` q gvlv= gaygvlv, gb w` q Mov= gbmov, c` Øviv `wjz= c``wjz M. PZz_ x Zrcyiæl mgvm: c~e c `i PZz_ x wefw³i jv c h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq Zv K PZz_ x Zrcyiæl mgvm e j hgb, iæ K fw³ = iæfw³, eªvþy K `q = eªvþy `q ÔwbwgËÕ ÔRb Õ ÔZ iõ cöf wz wbwgëv_ K Abym M i jv ci PZz_x Zrcyiæl mgvm nq hgb: we qi wbwg Ë cvmjv = we q-cvmjv, g q `i Rb zj = g q- zj, n R i D Ï k hvîv = nr hvîv, Wv Ki Rb gvïj = WvKgvïj, we` vi D Ï k Avjq = we` vjq N. câgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e c `i câgx wefw³i jv c h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv K câgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e j hgb: wejvz n Z diz = wejvz diz, me n Z kªô = me kªô, ^M n Z Pÿ Z= ^M Pÿ Z O. lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e c `i lôxwefw³i jv c h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv K lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm e j hgb: b`xi Rj = b`xrj, av bi ÿz = avb ÿz, dz ji MvQ = dyjmvq, gvzvi Zzj = gvz Zzj h mgv m c~e c `i wøzxqv, Z Zxqv BZ vw` wefw³i jvc n q DËi c `i A_ cöavb fv e evsvq Zv K Zrcyi l mgvm e j g b ivl eb ms Zi wbqg Abymv i lôx Zrcyiæl mgv m c~e c `i C-KvivšÍ (Bb cöz qvší) cyswj½ B- KvivšÍ nq Ges Zv-fvMvšÍ (Z -cöz qvší) _vk j, Z -fvmvší kã nq hgb: cÿxi kvek = cwÿkvek, gvzvi ab = gvz ab, Ávbxi e ` = Ávbxe `, ^vgxi M n = ^vwgm n, wczvi M n = evsjv fvlv-2 : e vkiy, fvlvzë I cöv qvwmk evsjv c ôv- 23