15EE103L ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB RECORD

15EE103L ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB RECORD REGISTER NO: NAME OF THE STUDENT: SEMESTER: DEPARTMENT:

INDEX SHEET S.No. Date of Experiment Name of the Experiment Date of submission Marks Staff Sign 1 Verification of Kirchhoff s laws 2 Verification of Superposition 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Verification of Thevenin s and Norton s Theorem Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem Verification of Reciprocity theorem Digital simulation of RL transient circuit using PSPICE software. Digital simulation of RC transient circuit using PSPICE software. Digital simulation of Series and Parallel resonance circuit using PSPICE software. Digital simulation of electric circuits(kvland KCL using PSPICE simulation software* Digital simulation of electric circuits(thevenin and Norton theorem) using PSPICE simulation software* Digital simulation of electric circuits(reciprocity and Maximum transfer theorem) using PSPICE simulation software* TOTAL MARKS : AVERAGE :STAFF SIGNATURE:

Course Code: 15EE103L Course Title: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Semester: I/II SESSION PLAN Instructional objectives: 1. Understand and gain knowledge about circuit laws and theorems 2. Gain knowledge about time domain analysis of circuit transients. 3. Understand the concept of resonance in series and parallel circuits 4. Learn how to use the PSPICE software for simulating circuits. Student outcomes (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice. SESSION NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 Verification of Kirchhoff s laws 2 Verification of Superposition 3 4 5 6 7 8 Verification of Thevenin s and Norton s Theorem Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem Verification of Reciprocity theorem Digital simulation of RL transient circuit using PSPICE software. Digital simulation of RC transient circuit using PSPICE software. Digital simulation of Series and Parallel resonance circuit using PSPICE software. REFERENCES 1. Department Lab Manual 2. R.Jegatheesan, Analyais of Electric Circuits, McGraw Hill Education (India) Edition 2015. 3. Sudhakar.A and Shyam Mohan.S.P, Circuits and Networks Analysis and Synthesis, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, Fourth edition, 2010. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE Understand and gain knowledge about circuit laws and theorems Gain knowledge about time domain analysis of circuit transients. Understand the concept of resonance in series and parallel circuits 9,10,11 Digital simulation of electric circuits using PSPICE simulation software* 4. Muhammed H Rashid, SPICE for circuits and electronics using PSPICE, PHI, 2nd edition, 2011 Learn how to use the PSPICE software for simulating circuits. *From session1-5 can be simulated using PSPICE software

Laboratory Policies : Each lab session lasts two periods and starts promptly. A brief introduction may be given by the instructor at the beginning of the lab. Everybody has to finish on time, so please time yourself carefully. Doing the pre-lab can save you a lot of time. Review the material prior to coming to the lab; consult the textbook(s) if required. Calculate the anticipated theoretical results, and get an idea of the approximate range and scale of the quantities you will be measuring. All laboratory work has to be completed during the designated lab period. Attendance at your regularly scheduled lab period is required. An unexpected absence will result in the loss of credit for your lab. Report: Neatness, organization, and completeness will be rewarded. Points will be deducted for any part that is not clear. Reports Due Dates: The lab reports are due the following week at the beginning of your lab session. Dress code: Please carry your ID card with you always. Wear White coat and shoes for the lab Assessment: Lab Performance - 30% Pre lab - 05% Post Lab - 05% Record - 05% MCQ/Quiz/Viva Voce 05% Model Exam - 10% Final exam - 40% Systems of Tests: Regular laboratory class work over the full semester will carry a weightage of 60%. The remaining 40% weightage will be given by conducting an end semester practical examination for every individual student.

BREAD BOARD CONNECTIONS

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603 203 Sub Code & Name: 15EE103L-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Title of Experiment Name of the candidate Register Number Date of Experiment S.No. Marks Split up Maximum marks Marks obtained 1 Pre Lab questions 05 2 Theoretical calculation 15 3 Conduction of experiment and results 15 4 Post Lab questions 05 Total 40 Staff Signature with date

PRE LAB 1. Write the colour coding for resistor used in this experiment. 2. What is Breadboard? 3. Define node and branch. 4. Fill in the blanks Prefix Symbol Power of Ten Terra Giga Mega kilo none centi milli T G M k none c m micro µ nano pico n p

Experiment No. 1 Date : VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS Aim: To verify Kirchhoff s current law and Kirchhoff s voltage law for the given circuit. Apparatus Required: S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2 2 Resistance 330, 220 1k 1 each 3 Ammeter (0-30mA)MC 3 4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 3 5 Bread Board -- 1 6 Connecting Wires -- Required Statement: KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero. KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position. Procedure for KCL: 1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value in RPS. 3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading 4. Repeat the same for different voltages Procedure for KVL: 1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value in RPS. 3. Note all the voltage readings. 4. Repeat the same for different voltages Circuit - KCL

Circuit - KVL KCL - Theoretical Values: Sl. Voltage Current I 1 = I 2 + I 3 No. E I 1 I 2 I 3 Volts ma ma ma ma 1 2 3 KCL - Practical Values: Sl. Voltage Current I 1 = I 2 + I 3 No. E I 1 I 2 I 3 Volts ma ma ma ma 1 2 3 KVL Theoretical Values Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL E 1 E 2 V 1 V 2 V 3 E 1 = V 1 + V 2 V V V V V V 1 2 3

KVL - Practical Values Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL E 1 E 2 V 1 V 2 V 3 E 1 = V 1 + V 2 V V V V V V 1 2 3 Model Calculations:

Result: Thus Kirchhoff s voltage law and Kirchhoff s current law were verified both theoretically and practically.

POST LAB 1. What is regulated power supply? 2. Explain why an ammeter must be connected in series with a resistor. 3. What modification is done in galvanometer to convert it into an ammeter? 4. How to calculate the error value for the conducted experiment?

PRELAB 1. a) Read the color codes of the resistors given for this experiment and determine the nominal value and tolerance of each carbon resistor and record them. b) Measure the values of the resistors with the digital multimeter and record them. 2. Define linear network. 3. Explain additivity and homogeneity principles.

Experiment No. 2 Date : VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM Aim: To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit. Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2 2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1 3 Resistors 1k, 330, 220 1 each 4 Bread Board -- 1 5 Wires -- Required Statement: Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more than one source, the current flowing through the branch is equal to the algebraic sum of all the currents flowing through that branch when sources are considered one at a time and replacing other sources by their respective internal resistances. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position Procedure: 1. Give the connections as per the diagram. 2. Set a particular voltage value using RPS 1 and RPS 2 & note down the ammeter reading 3. Set the same voltage as in circuit 1 using RPS 1 alone and disconnect RPS 2 and short circuit the terminals and note the ammeter reading. 4. Repeat the same procedure with RPS 2 and note down the ammeter reading. 5. Verify superposition theorem. CIRCUIT - 1

CIRCUIT - 2 CIRCUIT - 3 TABULAR COLUMN Theoretical Values RPS 1 2 Circuit 1 I= Current (ma) Circuit 2 Circuit 3 I = I = I=I +I = Practical Values RPS 1 2 Circuit 1 I= ma Current (ma) Circuit 2 Circuit 3 I = I = I=I +I = ma

Model Calculations:

Result: Thus Superposition theorem was been verified both theoretically and practically.

POST LAB 1. Using superposition theorem predict the voltage across the load resistor for the experiment conducted. 2. When analyzing circuits, when is it best to use: The Superposition Theorem? 3. What is the internal resistance of the ideal voltage source? 4. Draw the circuit diagram of a practical voltage source with internal resistance.

PRELAB 1. How to model a practical current source using an ideal current source with an internal resistance Rs. 2. Define active and bilateral network. 3. What do you mean by looking back resistance? 4. What is the use of Thevenin s theorem?

Experiment No. 3a Date : VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN S THEOREM Aim: To verify Thevenin s theorem and to calculate the load current for the given circuit. Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2 2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1 3 Resistors 1K, 330 3,1 4 Bread Board -- Required 5 DRB -- 1 Statement: Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent voltage source (V TH ). Thevenin s voltage or V OC in series with looking back resistance R TH. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position Procedure: 1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter readings. To find V TH 3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter (V TH ). To find R TH 4. To find the Thevenin s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the R TH using multimeter. 5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set V TH and R TH and note the corresponding ammeter reading. 6. Verify Thevenins theorem. Theoretical and Practical Values E(V) V TH (V) R TH ( ) I L (ma) Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit Theoretical Practical

Circuit - 1 : To find load current To find V TH To find R TH Thevenin s Equivalent circuit:

Model Calculations: Result: Thus Thevenin s theorem was verified both practically and theoretically.

Experiment No. 3b Date : VERIFICATION OF NORTON S THEOREM Aim: To verify Norton s theorem for the given circuit and to determine the load current for the given circuit. Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 Ammeter (0-10mA) MC (0-30mA) MC 1 1 2 Resistors 330, 1K 3,1 3 RPS (0-30V) 2 4 Bread Board -- 1 5 Wires -- Required Statement: Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent current source (I N ) in parallel with Norton s resistance (R N ) Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position. Procedure: 1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram. 2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original circuit. To Find I N : 3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals. 4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings. To Find R N : 5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the resistance across the two terminals. Equivalent Circuit: 6. Set I N and R N and note down the ammeter readings. 7. Verify Norton s theorem.

Circuit - I To find load current: To find I N To find R N Norton s equivalent circuit

Theoretical and Practical Values E (volts) Theoretical Values Practical Values I N (ma) R N ( ) Circuit - I I L (ma) Equivalent Circuit Model Calculations: Result: Thus Norton s theorem was verified both practically and theoretically.

POST LAB 1. Calculate and compare the total power supplied by source in the original circuit and Thevenin s circuit from experimental data. 2. Obtain the Norton s equivalent circuit from Thevenin s equivalent circuit. 3. Discuss the relationship of terminal voltage with increase in load resistance. 4. Write Applications of Thevenin s and Norton s Theorem.

PRELAB 1. Write the condition for maximum power transfer in AC circuit. 2. Write the applications of maximum power transfer theorem. 3. What is DRB? Why it is used? 4. What is load matching?

Experiment No. 4 Date : VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given DC circuit Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 RPS (0-30V) 1 2 Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1 3 Ammeter (0-10mA) MC 1 4 Resistor 1k 4 5 DRB -- 1 6 Multimeter -- 1 7 Bread Board & wires -- Required Statement: In a linear, bilateral circuit the maximum power will be transferred to the load when load resistance is equal to source resistance. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position. Procedure: Circuit I 1. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS. 2. Vary R L and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading. 3. Repeat the procedure for different values of R L & Tabulate it. 4. Calculate the power for each value of R L. To find V TH : 5. Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter (V TH ) To find R TH : 6. Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS). 7. Find the looking back resistance (R TH ) using multimeter. Equivalent Circuit: 8. Set V TH using RPS and R TH using DRB and note down the ammeter reading. 9. Calculate the power delivered to the load (R L = R TH ) 10. Verify maximum transfer theorem.

Circuit - 1 To find V TH To find R TH Thevenin s Equivalent Circuit

Power V S R L Circuit I Sl.No. R L ( ) I (ma) V(V) P=VI (watts) To find Thevenin s equivalent circuit V TH (V) R TH ( ) I L (ma) P (milli watts) Theoretical Value Practical Values Model Calculations:

Result: Thus maximum power theorem was verified both practically and theoretically.

POSTLAB 1. Discuss the reasons for any discrepancies between the theoretical and experimental values. 2. Plot the theoretical and experimental values of P L versus R L (on the same graph). 3. Compare the two graphs. 4. Why the voltmeter must be connected in parallel?

PRELAB 1. Transform a physical voltage source into its equivalent current source. 2. Why reciprocity theorem is not applicable to unilateral circuits? 3. Why it is called as reciprocity theorem?

Experiment No. 5 Date : VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM Aim: To verify the reciprocity theorem for the given circuit. Apparatus Required: Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity 1 RPS (0-30V) 1 2 Ammeter (0-30mA) MC 1 3 Resistor 1k, 470,330 1 each 4 DRB -- 1 5 Bread Board & wires -- Required Statement: In any linear, bilateral, single source network, the ratio of response to the excitation is same even though the positions of excitation and response are interchanged. Precautions: 1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position. 2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position. Procedure: 3. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS in circuit-i. 4. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading. 5. Inter change the position of voltage source and ammeter as shown in the circuit. 6. Set the same voltage in RPS as in circuit-i now in circuit-ii and note down the ammeter reading & tabulate it. 7. Verify reciprocity theorem. Circuit-I

Circuit-II Tabular Column: RPS(E) Volts Circuit I I= Theoretical value Current (ma) Practical value Current (ma) Circuit II I= Model Calculations:

Result: Thus reciprocity theorem was verified both practically and theoretically

POSTLAB 1. What are the limitations of reciprocity theorem? 2. What do you mean by excitation and response? 3. What is transfer resistance or impedance?

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603 203 Sub Code & Name: 15EE103L-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Title of Experiment Name of the candidate Register Number Date of Experiment S.No. Marks Split up Maximum marks Marks obtained 1 Pre Lab questions 05 2 Circuit simulation 15 3 Results 15 4 Post Lab questions 05 Total 40 Staff Signature with date

PRELAB 1. Define transients. 2. Derive the transient current expression for the given RL circuit. 3. What is the characteristic time constant for the following circuit given in this experiment? Take R = 4.7 kω, and L = 1 mh. 4. What is PSPICE?

Experiment No. 6 Date : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT USING PSPICE Aim : To determine the transient current and voltage across element through RL series circuits using PSPICE. RL TRANSIENT Given Circuit: Output: i) Current i(t) vs time(t)

ii) Voltage V R Vs time(t) Result: The transient currents and voltage for the given RL circuit was determined by simulation using PSPICE.

POSTLAB 1. Write the procedure for simulating the given circuit using PSPICE. 2. Write the PSPICE coding for the circuit given in this experiment. 3. Draw the voltage across inductor and current through the inductor waveform.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603 203 Sub Code & Name: 15EE103L-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Title of Experiment Name of the candidate Register Number Date of Experiment S.No. Marks Split up Maximum marks Marks obtained 1 Pre Lab questions 05 2 Circuit simulation 15 3 Results 15 4 Post Lab questions 05 Total 40 Staff Signature with date

PRELAB 1. Define time constant for RC circuit. 2. What do you mean by forced and free response? 3. What is the initial condition for voltage across and current through capacitor in the series RC transient circuit? 4. Derive the transient current expression for the given circuit.

Experiment No. 7 Date : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT USING PSPICE Aim: To determine the transient current and voltage across element for the given RC series circuit using PSPICE. RC TRANSIENT Given Circuit: Output: i) Current i(t) vs time(t)

ii) Voltage V C Vs time(t) Result: The transient currents and voltage through the given RC circuit were determined by simulation using PSPICE.

POSTLAB 1. Draw the current and voltage waveforms of resistor in the given circuit. 2. If the switch remains closed for a long time, what will the value of current in the given circuit? 3. How much voltage is on the capacitor in the circuit given in this experiment at t = 15 s?

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603 203 Sub Code & Name: 15EE103L-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Title of Experiment Name of the candidate Register Number Date of Experiment S.No. Marks Split up Maximum marks Marks obtained 1 Pre Lab questions 05 2 Circuit simulation 15 3 Results 15 4 Post Lab questions 05 Total 40 Staff Signature with date

PRELAB 1. Derive the expression for resonance frequency in series RLC circuit. 2. When RLC series circuit is said to be at resonance? 3. Write the properties of parallel resonance circuit. 4. Define bandwidth.

Experiment No. 8 Date : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT USING PSPICE SOFTWARE. Aim: To simulate RLC series and parallel resonance circuit using PSPICE. Given Circuit: Series resonance circuit: Parallel resonance circuit:

Voltage and Current curves: Result: Thus the series and parallel resonance circuit was simulated using PSPICE software

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603 203 Sub Code & Name: 15EE103L-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Title of Experiment Name of the candidate Register Number Date of Experiment S.No. Marks Split up Maximum marks Marks obtained 1 Pre Lab questions 05 2 Circuit simulation 15 3 Results 15 4 Post Lab questions 05 Total 40 Staff Signature with date

Experiment No. 9 Date : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS USING PSPICE SIMULATION Aim: To Simulate the given electric circuit using in PSPICE and to determine the voltage across and current through the resistors. KVL and KCL circuit: Superposition theorem: With both the sources: With one source alone:

With the other source alone: Thevenin s theorem: To find Vth: PSPICE PROGRAMMING: EXAMPLE:

Text editor: * DC circuit VS 1 0 12V R1 1 2 10 R2 2 0 1K R3 2 3 300 R4 3 0 500.END The meaning of the lines is 1. * Text File we need a first line for the file, it can be a title or comment line but should not be part of the circuit net list. 2. Vs 1 0 12 Vs means a voltage source, 1 0 are the nodes it is connected between, and the last 12 is the voltage value. All nodes must be numbered, with 0 = ground node. 3. R1 1 2 10 R1 means a resistor, 1, 2 are the nodes it is connected between, and 10 is its value. Other commands: DC Vin 0 12.1 DC means a DC sweep, Vin means Vin is the sweep variable, 0 12 is the range of the sweep and 0.1 is the sweep increment. PROBE calls PROBE to plot the simulation. A blank plot comes up and the TRACE/ADD menu can be used to select a variable for display To run the file, right click the mouse on the cir file icon to obtain the OPEN WITH/PSPICE SIMULATOR menu Result: Thus the given electric circuits were simulated using PSPICE software.