Hopf algebras and factorial divergent power series: Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration Michael Borinsky 1 Humboldt-University Berlin Departments of Physics and Mathematics Workshop on Enumerative Combinatorics, ESI, October 2017 - Renormalized asymptotic enumeration of Feynman diagrams, Annals of Physics, October 2017 arxiv:1703.00840 1 borinsky@physik.hu-berlin.de M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 1
Overview 1 Motivation 2 Asymptotics of multigraph enumeration 3 Ring of factorially divergent power series 4 Counting subgraph-restricted graphs 5 Conclusions M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 2
Motivation Perturbation expansions in quantum field theory may be organized as sums of integrals. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 3
Motivation Perturbation expansions in quantum field theory may be organized as sums of integrals. Each integral maybe represented as a graph. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 3
Motivation Perturbation expansions in quantum field theory may be organized as sums of integrals. Each integral maybe represented as a graph. Usually these expansions have vanishing radius of convergence. The coefficients behave as f n CA n Γ(n + β) for large n. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 3
Motivation Perturbation expansions in quantum field theory may be organized as sums of integrals. Each integral maybe represented as a graph. Usually these expansions have vanishing radius of convergence. The coefficients behave as f n CA n Γ(n + β) for large n. Divergence is believed to be caused by proliferation of graphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 3
In zero dimensions the integration becomes trivial. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 4
In zero dimensions the integration becomes trivial. Observables are generating functions of certain classes of graphs [Hurst, 1952, Cvitanović et al., 1978, Argyres et al., 2001, Molinari and Manini, 2006]. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 4
In zero dimensions the integration becomes trivial. Observables are generating functions of certain classes of graphs [Hurst, 1952, Cvitanović et al., 1978, Argyres et al., 2001, Molinari and Manini, 2006]. For instance, the partition function in ϕ 3 theory is formally, ) dx ( Z ϕ3 ( ) = e 1 x2 2 + x3 3!. 2π R M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 4
In zero dimensions the integration becomes trivial. Observables are generating functions of certain classes of graphs [Hurst, 1952, Cvitanović et al., 1978, Argyres et al., 2001, Molinari and Manini, 2006]. For instance, the partition function in ϕ 3 theory is formally, ) dx ( Z ϕ3 ( ) = e 1 x2 2 + x3 3!. 2π R Formal expand under the integral sign and integrate over Gaussian term by term, Z ϕ3 ( ) := n=0 n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e x3 3! M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 4
Z ϕ3 is the exponential generating function of 3-valent multigraphs, M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 5
Z ϕ3 is the exponential generating function of 3-valent multigraphs, Z ϕ3 ( ) = n=0 n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e x3 3! = cubic graphs Γ E(Γ) V (Γ) Aut Γ M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 5
Z ϕ3 is the exponential generating function of 3-valent multigraphs, Z ϕ3 ( ) = n=0 n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e x3 3! = cubic graphs Γ The parameter counts the excess of the graph. E(Γ) V (Γ) Aut Γ M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 5
Z ϕ3 is the exponential generating function of 3-valent multigraphs, Z ϕ3 ( ) = n=0 n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e x3 3! = cubic graphs Γ The parameter counts the excess of the graph. E(Γ) V (Γ) Aut Γ Z ϕ3 ( ) = φ ( 1 + 1 8 + 1 48 + 1 16 = 1 + + 1 12 + 1 16 ( 1 8 + 1 12 + 1 128 + 1 288 + 1 + 1 8 24 ) + 385 1152 2 +... + 1 96 +... ) where φ(γ) = E(Γ) V (Γ) maps a graph with excess n to n. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 5
Arbitrary degree distribution M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 6
Arbitrary degree distribution More general with arbitrary degree distribution, Z( ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 k 3 λ k k! x k M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 6
Arbitrary degree distribution More general with arbitrary degree distribution, Z( ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 = graphs Γ k 3 λ k k! x k E(Γ) V (Γ) v V (Γ) λ v Aut Γ where the sum is over all multigraphs Γ and v is the degree of vertex v. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 6
Arbitrary degree distribution More general with arbitrary degree distribution, Z( ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 = graphs Γ k 3 λ k k! x k E(Γ) V (Γ) v V (Γ) λ v Aut Γ where the sum is over all multigraphs Γ and v is the degree of vertex v. This corresponds to the pairing model of multigraphs [Bender and Canfield, 1978]. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 6
We obtain a series of polynomials M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 7
We obtain a series of polynomials n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 + 1 128 + 1 16 k 3 + 1 288 + 1 16 λ k k! x k + 1 96 + 1 8 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 48 + 1 24 + 1 12 ) + + 1 8 where φ(γ) = E(Γ) V (Γ) v V (Γ) λ v M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 7
We obtain a series of polynomials n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 + 1 128 + 1 16 k 3 + 1 288 + 1 16 λ k k! x k + 1 96 + 1 8 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 48 + 1 24 + 1 12 ) + + 1 8 where φ(γ) = E(Γ) V (Γ) v V (Γ) λ v (( 1 = 1 + + ) λ 2 3 + 1 ) 8 λ 4 8 + 1 12 ( 385 1152 λ4 3 + 35 64 λ2 3λ 4 + 35 384 λ2 4 + 7 48 λ 3λ 5 + 1 48 λ 6 ) 2 + M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 7
We obtain a series of polynomials n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 + 1 128 + 1 16 k 3 + 1 288 + 1 16 λ k k! x k + 1 96 + 1 8 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 48 + 1 24 + 1 12 ) + + 1 8 where φ(γ) = E(Γ) V (Γ) v V (Γ) λ v (( 1 = 1 + 8 + 1 ) λ 2 3 + 1 ) 12 8 λ 4 ( 385 + 1152 λ4 3 + 35 64 λ2 3λ 4 + 35 384 λ2 4 + 7 48 λ 3λ 5 + 1 ) 48 λ 6 2 + = P n (λ 3, λ 4,...) n n=0 M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 7
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. Z stir ( ) := n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 12 k 3 1 k! xk + 1 8 ) +... where φ(γ) = ( 1) V (Γ) E(Γ) V (Γ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. Z stir ( ) := n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 12 k 3 1 k! xk + 1 8 ) +... where φ(γ) = ( 1) V (Γ) E(Γ) V (Γ) ( 1 = 1 + 8 ( 1)2 + 1 12 ( 1)2 + 1 ) 8 ( 1)1 +... M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. Z stir ( ) := n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 12 k 3 1 k! xk + 1 8 ) +... where φ(γ) = ( 1) V (Γ) E(Γ) V (Γ) ( 1 = 1 + 8 ( 1)2 + 1 12 ( 1)2 + 1 ) 8 ( 1)1 +... = 1 + 1 12 + 1 288 2 139 51840 3 +... M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. Z stir ( ) := n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 12 k 3 1 k! xk + 1 8 ) +... where φ(γ) = ( 1) V (Γ) E(Γ) V (Γ) ( 1 = 1 + 8 ( 1)2 + 1 12 ( 1)2 + 1 ) 8 ( 1)1 +... = 1 + 1 12 + 1 288 2 139 51840 3 +... = e n=1 B n+1 n(n+1) n M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
Example Take the degree distribution λ k = 1 for all k 3. Z stir ( ) := n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( = φ 1 + 1 8 + 1 12 k 3 1 k! xk + 1 8 ) +... where φ(γ) = ( 1) V (Γ) E(Γ) V (Γ) ( 1 = 1 + 8 ( 1)2 + 1 12 ( 1)2 + 1 ) 8 ( 1)1 +... = 1 + 1 12 + 1 288 2 139 51840 3 +... = e Stirling series as a signed sum over multigraphs. n=1 B n+1 n(n+1) n M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 8
M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 9
Define a functional F : R[[x]] R[[ ]] F : S(x) n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 where S(x) = x2 2 + λ k k 3 k! x k. x 2 2 +S(x) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 9
Define a functional F : R[[x]] R[[ ]] F : S(x) n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 x 2 2 +S(x) where S(x) = x2 2 + λ k k 3 k! x k. F maps a degree sequence to the corresponding generating function of multigraphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 9
Expressions as F[S(x)] = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 x 2 2 +S(x) are inconvenient to expand, because of the and the 1 exponent we have to sum over a diagonal. in the M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 10
Expressions as F[S(x)] = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 x 2 2 +S(x) are inconvenient to expand, because of the and the 1 exponent we have to sum over a diagonal. in the Theorem This can be expressed without a diagonal summation [MB, 2017]: F[S(x)] = n (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y), n=0 M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 10
Expressions as F[S(x)] = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 x 2 2 +S(x) are inconvenient to expand, because of the and the 1 exponent we have to sum over a diagonal. in the Theorem This can be expressed without a diagonal summation [MB, 2017]: F[S(x)] = n (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y), n=0 where x(y) is the (power series) solution of y 2 2 = S(x(y)). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 10
Asymptotics M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 11
Asymptotics M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 11
Asymptotics Calculate asymptotics of F[S(x)] by singularity analysis of x(y): M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 11
Asymptotics Calculate asymptotics of F[S(x)] by singularity analysis of x(y): Locate the dominant singularity of x(y) by analysis of the (generalized) hyperelliptic curve, y 2 2 = S(x). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 11
Asymptotics Calculate asymptotics of F[S(x)] by singularity analysis of x(y): Locate the dominant singularity of x(y) by analysis of the (generalized) hyperelliptic curve, y 2 2 = S(x). The dominant singularity of x(y) coincides with a branch-cut of the local parametrization of the curve. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 11
4 2 y 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 x Figure: Example: The curve y 2 2 = x 2 2 x 3 3! associated to Z ϕ3. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 12
4 2 y 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 x Figure: Example: The curve y 2 2 = x 2 2 x 3 3! associated to Z ϕ3. x(y) has a (dominant) branch-cut singularity at y = ρ = 2 3, where x(ρ) = τ = 2. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 12
M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 ( ) [y n ]x(y) Cρ n n 3 e k 2 1 + n k k=1 M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 ( ) [y n ]x(y) Cρ n n 3 e k 2 1 + n k Therefore, k=1 [ n ]F[S(x)] = (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 ( ) [y n ]x(y) Cρ n n 3 e k 2 1 + n k Therefore, k=1 [ n ]F[S(x)] = (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y) = 2n Γ(n + 3 2 ) [y 2n+1 ]x(y) π M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 ( ) [y n ]x(y) Cρ n n 3 e k 2 1 + n k Therefore, k=1 [ n ]F[S(x)] = (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y) = 2n Γ(n + 3 2 ) π [y 2n+1 ]x(y) ( C 2 n ρ 2n Γ(n) 1 + k=1 e k n k ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Near the dominant singularity: x(y) τ = d 1 1 y ρ + ( d j 1 y ) j 2 ρ j=2 ( ) [y n ]x(y) Cρ n n 3 e k 2 1 + n k Therefore, k=1 [ n ]F[S(x)] = (2n + 1)!![y 2n+1 ]x(y) = 2n Γ(n + 3 2 ) π [y 2n+1 ]x(y) ( C 2 n ρ 2n Γ(n) 1 + What is the value of C and the e k? k=1 e k n k ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 13
Theorem ([MB, 2017]) Let (x, y) = (τ, ρ) be the location of the dominant branch-cut singularity of y 2 2 = S(x). Then R 1 [ n ]F[S(x)]( ) = c k A (n k) Γ(n k) + O ( A n Γ(n R) ), k=0 M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 14
Theorem ([MB, 2017]) Let (x, y) = (τ, ρ) be the location of the dominant branch-cut singularity of y 2 2 = S(x). Then R 1 [ n ]F[S(x)]( ) = c k A (n k) Γ(n k) + O ( A n Γ(n R) ), k=0 where A = S(τ) and c k = 1 2π [ k ]F[S(τ) S(x + τ)]( ). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 14
Theorem ([MB, 2017]) Let (x, y) = (τ, ρ) be the location of the dominant branch-cut singularity of y 2 2 = S(x). Then R 1 [ n ]F[S(x)]( ) = c k A (n k) Γ(n k) + O ( A n Γ(n R) ), k=0 where A = S(τ) and c k = 1 2π [ k ]F[S(τ) S(x + τ)]( ). The asymptotic expansion can be expressed as a generating function of graphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 14
Example For cubic graphs or equivalently ϕ 3 theory, we are interested in S(x) = x2 2 + x3 3!, M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 15
Example For cubic graphs or equivalently ϕ 3 theory, we are interested in S(x) = x2 2 + x3 3!, F [S(x)] ( ) = φ ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 8 12 128 1 + 5 385 + 24 1152 2 + 85085 82944 3 + +... ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 15
Example For cubic graphs or equivalently ϕ 3 theory, we are interested in S(x) = x2 2 + x3 3!, F [S(x)] ( ) = φ ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 8 12 128 1 + 5 385 + 24 1152 2 + 85085 82944 3 + +... ) We find τ = 2, A = 2 3 and the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion c k k = 1 1 2 F[S(τ) S(τ + x)]( ) = 2π 2π F[ x 2 + x 3 3! ]( ) k=0 = 1 ( 1 5 385 + 2π 24 1152 2 85085 ) 82944 3 +... M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 15
Example For cubic graphs or equivalently ϕ 3 theory, we are interested in S(x) = x2 2 + x3 3!, F [S(x)] ( ) = φ ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 8 12 128 1 + 5 385 + 24 1152 2 + 85085 82944 3 + +... ) We find τ = 2, A = 2 3 and the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion c k k = 1 1 2 F[S(τ) S(τ + x)]( ) = 2π 2π F[ x 2 + x 3 3! ]( ) k=0 = 1 ( 1 5 385 + 2π 24 1152 2 85085 ) 82944 3 +... The asymptotic expansion is [ n ]F [S(x)] ( ) = R 1 k=0 c ka n+k Γ(n k) + O(A n+r Γ(n R)). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 15
Ring of factorially divergent power series Power series which have Poincaré asymptotic expansion of the form M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 16
Ring of factorially divergent power series Power series which have Poincaré asymptotic expansion of the form R 1 f n = c k A n+k Γ(n k) + O(A n Γ(n R)) R 0, k=0 form a subring of R[[x]] which is closed under composition and inversion of power series [MB, 2016]. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 16
Ring of factorially divergent power series Power series which have Poincaré asymptotic expansion of the form R 1 f n = c k A n+k Γ(n k) + O(A n Γ(n R)) R 0, k=0 form a subring of R[[x]] which is closed under composition and inversion of power series [MB, 2016]. For instance, this allows us to calculate the complete asymptotic expansion of constructions such as in closed form. log F [S(x)] ( ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 16
Renormalization M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 17
Renormalization Renormalization Restriction on the allowed bridgeless subgraphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 17
Renormalization Renormalization Restriction on the allowed bridgeless subgraphs. P is a set of forbidden subgraphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 17
Renormalization Renormalization Restriction on the allowed bridgeless subgraphs. P is a set of forbidden subgraphs. We wish to have a map { E(Γ) V (Γ) if Γ has no subgraph in P φ P (Γ) = 0 else M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 17
Renormalization Renormalization Restriction on the allowed bridgeless subgraphs. P is a set of forbidden subgraphs. We wish to have a map { E(Γ) V (Γ) if Γ has no subgraph in P φ P (Γ) = 0 else which is compatible with our generating function and asymptotic techniques. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 17
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that G + is the set of graphs without subgraphs in P. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that G + is the set of graphs without subgraphs in P. G is the set of graphs with subgraphs in P. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that G + is the set of graphs without subgraphs in P. G is the set of graphs with subgraphs in P. We know a map φ : G R[[ ]]. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that G + is the set of graphs without subgraphs in P. G is the set of graphs with subgraphs in P. We know a map φ : G R[[ ]]. Construct φ P such that φ P G + = φ and φ P G = 0. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
G is the Q-algebra generated by multigraphs. Split G = G G + such that G + is the set of graphs without subgraphs in P. G is the set of graphs with subgraphs in P. We know a map φ : G R[[ ]]. Construct φ P such that φ P G + = φ and φ P G = 0. This is a Riemann-Hilbert problem. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 18
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P (3) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P (3) H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. Define a coaction on G: : G H G Γ γ Γ/γ γ Γ s.t.γ P (3) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. Define a coaction on G: : G H G Γ γ Γ/γ H is a left-comodule over G. γ Γ s.t.γ P (3) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. Define a coaction on G: : G H G Γ γ Γ/γ γ Γ s.t.γ P H is a left-comodule over G. can be set up on H. : H H H. (3) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. Define a coaction on G: : G H G Γ γ Γ/γ γ Γ s.t.γ P H is a left-comodule over G. can be set up on H. : H H H. H is a Hopf algebra Connes and Kreimer [2001]. (3) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19
Hopf algebra of graphs Pick a set of bridgeless graphs P, such that if γ 1 γ 2 then γ 1, γ 2 P iff γ 1, γ 2 /γ 1 P (1) if γ 1, γ 2 P then γ 1 γ 2 P (2) P H is the Q-algebra of graphs in P. Define a coaction on G: : G H G Γ γ Γ/γ γ Γ s.t.γ P H is a left-comodule over G. can be set up on H. : H H H. H is a Hopf algebra Connes and Kreimer [2001]. (1) implies is coassociative (id ) = ( id). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 19 (3)
M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 20
The coaction shall keep information about the number of edges it was connected in the original graph. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 20
The coaction shall keep information about the number of edges it was connected in the original graph. The graphs in P have legs or hairs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 20
The coaction shall keep information about the number of edges it was connected in the original graph. The graphs in P have legs or hairs. Example: Suppose,, P, then = γ /γ = 1 + 3 + γ s.t.γ P where we had to consider the subgraphs,,, the complete and the empty subgraph. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 20
Gives us an action on algebra morphisms G R[[ ]]. For ψ : H R[[ ]] and φ : G R[[ ]], ψ φ : G R[[ ]] ψ φ = m (ψ φ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 21
Gives us an action on algebra morphisms G R[[ ]]. For ψ : H R[[ ]] and φ : G R[[ ]], ψ φ : G R[[ ]] ψ φ = m (ψ φ) and a product of algebra morphisms H R[[ ]]. For ξ : H R[[ ]] and ψ : H R[[ ]], ξ ψ : H R[[ ]] ξ ψ = m (ξ ψ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 21
Gives us an action on algebra morphisms G R[[ ]]. For ψ : H R[[ ]] and φ : G R[[ ]], ψ φ : G R[[ ]] ψ φ = m (ψ φ) and a product of algebra morphisms H R[[ ]]. For ξ : H R[[ ]] and ψ : H R[[ ]], ξ ψ : H R[[ ]] ξ ψ = m (ξ ψ) Coassociativity of implies associativity of : (ξ ψ) φ = ξ (ψ φ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 21
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. The identity ɛ : H R[[ ]] maps the empty graph to 1 and all other graphs to 0. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. The identity ɛ : H R[[ ]] maps the empty graph to 1 and all other graphs to 0. The inverse of ψ : H R[[ ]] maybe calculated recursively: ψ 1 (Γ) = ψ(γ) γ Γ s.t.γ P ψ 1 (γ)ψ(γ/γ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. The identity ɛ : H R[[ ]] maps the empty graph to 1 and all other graphs to 0. The inverse of ψ : H R[[ ]] maybe calculated recursively: ψ 1 (Γ) = ψ(γ) γ Γ s.t.γ P ψ 1 (γ)ψ(γ/γ) Corresponds to Moebius-Inversion on the subgraph poset. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. The identity ɛ : H R[[ ]] maps the empty graph to 1 and all other graphs to 0. The inverse of ψ : H R[[ ]] maybe calculated recursively: ψ 1 (Γ) = ψ(γ) γ Γ s.t.γ P ψ 1 (γ)ψ(γ/γ) Corresponds to Moebius-Inversion on the subgraph poset. Simplifies on many (physical) cases to a (functional) inversion problem on power series. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The set of all algebra morphisms H R[[ ]] with the -product forms a group. The identity ɛ : H R[[ ]] maps the empty graph to 1 and all other graphs to 0. The inverse of ψ : H R[[ ]] maybe calculated recursively: ψ 1 (Γ) = ψ(γ) γ Γ s.t.γ P ψ 1 (γ)ψ(γ/γ) Corresponds to Moebius-Inversion on the subgraph poset. Simplifies on many (physical) cases to a (functional) inversion problem on power series. Solves the Riemann-Hilbert problem: Invert φ : Γ E(Γ) V (Γ) restricted to H. Then { (φ 1 H φ)(γ) = E(Γ) V (Γ) if Γ G + 0 else M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 22
The identity van Suijlekom [2007], Yeats [2008], X = graphs Γ where X = graphs Γ v V (Γ) Γ Aut Γ and X ( v ) P X (k) P = Γ Aut Γ. Γ s.t.γ P and Γ has k legs Γ Aut Γ, M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 23
The identity van Suijlekom [2007], Yeats [2008], X = graphs Γ where X = graphs Γ v V (Γ) Γ Aut Γ and X ( v ) P X (k) P = Γ Aut Γ. Γ s.t.γ P and Γ has k legs Γ Aut Γ, can be used to make this accessible for asymptotic analysis: φ 1 H φ (X ) = m ( φ 1 H φ) X = ( ) φ 1 H X ( v ) φ(γ) P Aut Γ graphs Γ v V (Γ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 23
φ 1 H φ (X ) = graphs Γ v V (Γ) ( φ 1 H X ( v ) P ) φ(γ) Aut Γ M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 24
φ 1 H φ (X ) = graphs Γ v V (Γ) ( φ 1 H X ( v ) P ) φ(γ) Aut Γ The generating function of all graphs with arbitrary weight for each vertex degree is n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 = graphs Γ v V (Γ) λ v k 0 λ k k! x k E(Γ) V (Γ) Aut Γ M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 24
φ 1 H φ (X ) = graphs Γ v V (Γ) ( φ 1 H X ( v ) P ) φ(γ) Aut Γ The generating function of all graphs with arbitrary weight for each vertex degree is Therefore, φ 1 H n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 = graphs Γ v V (Γ) λ v k 0 φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 λ k k! x k E(Γ) V (Γ) Aut Γ ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 24
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. This corresponds to restrictions on the edge-connectivity of the graphs. X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. This corresponds to restrictions on the edge-connectivity of the graphs. In renormalizable quantum field theories the expressions φ 1 H ( X (k) P ) are relatively easy to expand. X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. This corresponds to restrictions on the edge-connectivity of the graphs. In renormalizable ( ) quantum field theories the expressions φ 1 H X (k) P are relatively easy to expand. ( ) The generating functions φ 1 H X (k) P are called counterterms in this context. X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. This corresponds to restrictions on the edge-connectivity of the graphs. In renormalizable quantum field theories the expressions φ 1 H ( X (k) P ) are relatively easy to expand. ( ) are called The generating functions φ 1 H X (k) P counterterms in this context. They are (almost) the generating functions of the number of primitive elements of H: Γ is primitive iff Γ = Γ 1 + 1 Γ. X (k) P ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25
φ 1 H φ (X ) = n (2n 1)!![x 2n ]e n=0 ( k 0 xk k! φ 1 H In quantum field theories we want the set P to be all graphs with a bounded number of legs. This corresponds to restrictions on the edge-connectivity of the graphs. In renormalizable quantum field theories the expressions φ 1 H ( X (k) P ) are relatively easy to expand. ( ) are called The generating functions φ 1 H X (k) P counterterms in this context. They are (almost) the generating functions of the number of primitive elements of H: Γ is primitive iff Γ = Γ 1 + 1 Γ. We can obtain the full asymptotic expansions in these cases. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 25 X (k) P )
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: In ϕ 3 -theory (i.e. three-valent multigraphs): M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: In ϕ 3 -theory (i.e. three-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is 2-edge-connected) = e 1 ( 1 23 1 21 n +...). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: In ϕ 3 -theory (i.e. three-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is 2-edge-connected) = e 1 ( 1 23 1 21 n +...). P(Γ is cyclically 4-edge-connected) = e ( 10 3 1 133 1 3 n + ) M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: In ϕ 3 -theory (i.e. three-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is 2-edge-connected) = e 1 ( 1 23 1 21 n +...). P(Γ is cyclically 4-edge-connected) = e ( 10 3 1 133 1 3 n + ) In ϕ 4 -theory (i.e. four-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is cyclically 6-edge-connected) = e ( 15 4 1 126 1 n + ). M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Examples Expressed as densities over all multigraphs: In ϕ 3 -theory (i.e. three-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is 2-edge-connected) = e 1 ( 1 23 1 21 n +...). P(Γ is cyclically 4-edge-connected) = e ( 10 3 1 133 1 3 n + ) In ϕ 4 -theory (i.e. four-valent multigraphs): P(Γ is cyclically 6-edge-connected) = e ( 15 4 1 126 1 n + ). Arbitrary high order terms can be obtained by iteratively solving implicit equations. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 26
Conclusions M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 27
Conclusions The zero-dimensional path integral is a convenient tool to enumerate multigraphs by excess. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 27
Conclusions The zero-dimensional path integral is a convenient tool to enumerate multigraphs by excess. Asymptotics are easily accessible: The asymptotic expansion also enumerates graphs. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 27
Conclusions The zero-dimensional path integral is a convenient tool to enumerate multigraphs by excess. Asymptotics are easily accessible: The asymptotic expansion also enumerates graphs. With Hopf algebra techniques restrictions on the set of enumerated graphs can be imposed. M. Borinsky (HU Berlin) Algebraic tools for graphical enumeration 27
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