Effects of Forcing Scheme on the Flow and the Relative Motion of Inertial Particles in DNS of Isotropic Turbulence Rohit Dhariwal PI: Sarma L. Rani Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The University of Alabama in Huntsville NCSA Blue Waters Symposium June 13-15, 2016 Sunriver, OR DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 1 / 27
Outline 1 Motivation for Current Problem 2 Background 3 Parallel Performance of DNS code 4 Effects of Forcing Scheme in DNS on Motion of Inertial Particles DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 2 / 27
Motivation for Current Problem DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 3 / 27
Particle-Laden Turbulent Flows I Particle-laden turbulent flows are important both in natural and engineering applications such as: Warm-Cloud Precipitation: Atmospheric scientists are investigating if turbulence augments water-droplet growth rates by increasing droplet collision rates, which may hasten rainfall initiation Planetesimal Formation: Astrophysicists are interested in knowing if turbulence-driven dispersion, sedimentation, and collisional coalescence of dust particles impact planetesimal formation Warm-Cloud Precipitation Planetesimal Formation DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 4 / 27
Particle-Laden Turbulent Flows II Volcanic Eruption: Understanding dispersion of volcanic particles in the atmosphere is of interest Spray Dynamics in Engines: Effects of turbulence on atomization, dispersion, and evaporation of fuel droplets is the relevant physics Volcanic Eruption Spray Dynamics in Engines In these applications, we are interested in quantifying the effects of turbulence on particle-pair relative motion. DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 5 / 27
Particle-Pair Relative Motion Pair relative motion refers to the temporal and spatial dynamics of pair separations r and relative velocities U Turbulence is known to spatially homogenize passive scalars However, it induces strong inhomogeneities in inertial particle relative motion, which are of two kinds: Spatial Inhomogeneities: Particle preferential concentration, quantified by Radial Distribution Function (RDF) g(r) Relative Velocity Inhomogeneities: Non-Gaussian relative velocity distribution, described by pair relative velocity PDF P(U r ) Through these two statistics, one can study the role of turbulent fluctuations in driving particle collision frequency: Collision frequency N c = 4πσ 2 g(σ) 0 U r P(U r σ) du r DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 6 / 27
Particle Preferential Concentration I Particle response to turbulence is controled by its inertia, as quantified by the Stokes number St = τ v /τ flow τ v is particle viscous relaxation time and τ flow is a flow time scale When particle Stokes number St η = τv τ η 1 Denser-than-fluid particles accumulate in regions of excess strain-rate over rotation-rate, i.e. where S 2 Ω 2 > 0 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 7 / 27
Particle Preferential Concentration II DNS of isotropic turbulence by Reade and Collins 1 demonstrates the effects of St η on clustering h(r) > 0 is indicative of particle preferential concentration DNS of isotropic turbulence Residual RDF (g(r) 1)vs r 1 Reade and Collins, Phys. Fluids, Vol. 12, 2000. DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 8 / 27
Pair Relative Velocities DNS of Sundaram and Collins 2 illustrates the nature of relative velocity PDF at various separations: Gaussian relative velocity PDF at integral-scale pair separations Non-Gaussian relative velocity PDF with a peak and a long tail at smaller separations; σ = sum of particle radii (at contact) Therefore, a closure theory should capture both preferential concentration and Gaussian to Non-Gaussian PDF transition 2 Sundaram and Collins, JFM, Vol. 335, 1997. DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 9 / 27
Background DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 10 / 27
Stochastic Theory (St r = τ v /τ r 1) In a recent study 3, we derived a closure for diffusion current in the PDF kinetic equation for the relative motion of high-stokes-number particle pairs in isotropic turbulence For St r 1 particles, the pair PDF Ω(r, U) is governed by: Ω t + r (UΩ) 1 τ v U (UΩ) U (D UU U Ω) = 0 3 Rani, Dhariwal, and Koch, JFM, Vol. 756, 2014 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 11 / 27
Stochastic Theory (St r = τ v /τ r 1) For St r 1 particles, it was shown that diffusivity D UU = 1 τ 2 v 0 u(r, x, 0) u(r, x, t) dt In St 1 regime, pair separation r and center of mass position x remain essentially fixed during fluid time scales Therefore, u(r, x, 0) u(r, x, t) is a Eulerian two-time correlation D UU can be closed by computing Eulerian two-time relative velocity correlation u(r, x, 0) u(r, x, t) from DNS In our prior study, D UU was closed by converting the two-time relative velocity correlation into two-point correlation in the limit of St r 1 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 12 / 27
Why Blue Waters Evaluating u(r, x, 0) u(r, x, t) using DNS is computationally very expensive Important parameters: N pairs and r (pair separation bin size) Considered 5 10 11 stationary particle pairs and r = η/8 η is Kolmogorov length scale Correlations computed using 20,000 processors Binning of u(r, x, t) u(r, x, t + τ) according to r for all the pairs separated by a time interval τ required 40 hours of wall-clock time Averaged over 200 pairs of flow snapshots for each time separation τ DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 13 / 27
Eulerian Correlations Eulerian two-time correlation of fluid relative velocity at Re λ = 131 Eulerian Correlation 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Longitudinal r/l = 0.2 r/l = 0.5 r/l = 1 Eulerian Correlation 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Transverse -0.5 0 4 8 12 16 τ/t eddy -0.5 0 4 8 12 16 τ/t eddy r is pair separation and L is integral length scale T eddy is integral time scale DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 14 / 27
Radial Distribution Function RDF at Re λ = 131 are shown RDF 3 2.5 2 1.5 Current Theory DNS DNS of Fevrier et al. (2001) Theory of Zaichik et al. (2003) RDF 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 10-1 10 0 St η 10 1 10 2 r/η = 6 1 10-1 10 0 10 1 10 2 St η r/η = 18 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 15 / 27
Parallel Performance of DNS code DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 16 / 27
Governing Equations Fluid phase governing equations u = 0 u t + ω u = ( p/ρ f + u 2 /2 ) + ν 2 u + f f f f is external forcing to maintain a statistically stationary turbulence FFTs performed using P3DFFT 4 library Particle phase governing equations dx p dt dv p dt = v p = u(x p, t) v p τ v u(x p, t) obtained using 8 th order Lagrange interpolation 4 D. Pekurovsky, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 34(4):C192 C209, 2012 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 17 / 27
1D Domain Decomposition Figure: (a) XZ slabs; (b) YZ slabs Domain decomposition along one direction N 3 simulations can be run on up to N processors Limited to small Re λ DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 18 / 27
2D Domain Decomposition y x z (a) (b) (c) Figure: (a) X ; (b) Y; (c) Z pencils Domain decomposition along two directions N 3 simulations can be run on up to N 2 processors Allows higher flow Re λ DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 19 / 27
Strong Scaling Strong scaling for 2D parallel code 20 Speedup vs 1024 Processors 15 10 5 Ideal Speedup Measured Speedup 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Processors DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 20 / 27
Effects of Forcing Scheme in DNS on Motion of Inertial Particles DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 21 / 27
Forcing Schemes Recall, large scale external forcing is added to N-S equation to maintain statistically stationary turbulence Deterministic forcing 5 : Turbulent kinetic energy dissipated during a time step is added back to the velocity field Stochastic forcing 6 : Random forcing acceleration based on Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is added to the velocity components Two important parameters: acceleration variance, σ 2 f and forcing time-scale, T f Both forcing schemes add energy to a low-wavenumber band 5 Witkowska et al., J Comput Acoust 1997;5:317 36 6 Eswaran & Pope, Comput Fluids 1988;16:257 78 DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 22 / 27
DNS parameters Three grid resolutions considered: 128 3, 256 3 and 512 3 Re λ achieved: 76, 131 and 196 Twelve particle St η ranging from 0.05 to 40 considered Particles per St η 262,144 for 128 3 and 256 3 2,097,152 for 512 3 Forced wave-numbers range for both schemes, κ (0, 2] Five T f considered: T e /4, T e /2, T e, 2T e and 4T e T e is the eddy turnover time obtained using deterministic forcing DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 23 / 27
Radial Distribution I Re λ = 76 St η range: 0.05 to 1 RDF 10 2 Det Sto(T e /4) Sto2(T e /2) Sto3(T e ) Sto4(2T e ) 10 1 Sto5(4T e ) r = 0.1η RDF 6 5 4 3 2 Det Sto(T e /4) Sto2(T e /2) Sto3(T e ) Sto4(2T e ) Sto5(4T e ) r = η 10 0 10-2 10-1 St η 10 0 10-2 10-1 10 0 St η DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 24 / 27
Radial Distribution II Re λ = 76 St η range: 1 to 40 RDF 10 2 r = 0.1η Det Sto(T e /4) Sto2(T e /2) Sto3(T e ) Sto4(2T e ) 10 1 Sto5(4T e ) RDF 6 5 4 3 2 r = η Det Sto(T e /4) Sto2(T e /2) Sto3(T e ) Sto4(2T e ) Sto5(4T e ) 10 0 10 0 10 1 St η 10 2 10 0 10 1 10 2 St η DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 25 / 27
Conclusions Computed diffusivity tensor using DNS Pair statistics obtained using the analytical model are in good agreement with DNS statistics Studied the effects of large scale forcing in DNS on pair relative motion statistics DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 26 / 27
Future Work Improve scaling of DNS code Perform 1024 3 and higher particle-laden DNS DNS of Inertial Particles June 15, 2016 27 / 27