1 Name Date Page 1- Day 1 Reinforcement Worksheet Organic Compounds KEY CONCEPT: Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. Many carbon-based molecules are large molecules called polymers that are made of many smaller, repeating molecules called monomers. There are four main types of carbon-based molecules in living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, and are often broken down as a source of chemical energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure, such as cellulose, which makes up plant cell walls. Lipids include fats and oils and, like carbohydrates, are often broken down as a source of chemical energy for cells. One type of lipid, called a phospholipid, makes up most of all cell membranes. Proteins have a large number of structures and functions. Some proteins are needed for muscle movement; another protein, called hemoglobin, transports oxygen in blood. Another type of proteins, called enzymes, speed up chemical reactions in cells. Nucleic acids are molecules that store genetic information and build proteins. DNA stores genetic information in cells, and RNA helps to build the proteins for which DNA codes. Type of Molecule Functions Example Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid The prefix mono- means one and the prefix poly- means many. How are these meanings related to the terms monomer and polymer? Write your own analogy for the formation of a polymer from monomers.
2 Name Date Page 2- Day 1 Reinforcement Worksheet Properties of Water KEY CONCEPT: Water s unique properties allow life to exist on Earth. The structure of the water molecule gives water unique properties. Water is a polar molecule, which means that it has a region with a slight negative charge (the oxygen atom), and a region with a slight positive charge (the hydrogen atoms). The oppositely charged regions of water molecules interact to form hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond is an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several important properties of water. High specific heat: Water resists changes in temperature; it must absorb a large amount of heat energy to increase in temperature. Cohesion: The attraction among molecules of a substance is called cohesion. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonds makes water molecules stick together. Adhesion: The attraction among molecules of different substances is called adhesion. Water molecules stick to many other materials because of hydrogen bonds. Many compounds that are important for life dissolve in water. Water is the largest component of cells interiors, and chemical reactions in the cell take place in this water. When one substance dissolves in another, a solution is formed. The substance present in the greatest amount is called the solvent. Substances that are present in lower amounts and dissolve in the solvent are called solutes. Polar solvents, such as water, dissolve polar molecules and ions. When some substances dissolve in water they break up into ions. A compound that releases a hydrogen ion (a proton) when it dissolves in water is an acid. Bases are compounds that remove, or accept, hydrogen ions. A solution s acidity, or its hydrogen ion concentration, is measured on the ph scale. An acid has a low ph (ph below 7) and a high hydrogen ion concentration. A base has a high ph (ph above 7) and a low hydrogen ion concentration. Organisms must maintain a stable ph. Even a small change in ph can disrupt many biological processes. 1. Explain why water is a polar molecule? 2. How do hydrogen bonds form? 3. What are the two parts of a solution? 4. What types of molecules dissolve easily in water? What types do not dissolve easily in water? 5. What does ph mean?
3 Name Date Page 3- Day 2 Reinforcement Worksheet- Ecology 1 Main Idea: Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. Write a description of each level of organization in the table. Also, provide an example for each level. Level Description Example 1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biosphere Fill in the diagram below with the Levels of Organization studied in Ecology. Use the terms from the table above. Main Idea: An ecosystem includes both abiotic and biotic factors. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Complete the following sentences with the correct term from the list below autotrophs eating nonliving abiotic living temperature producers moisture plants animals biotic consumers heterotrophs nonliving 6. All ecosystems are made up of and components. 7. factors are living things, such as or. 8. factors are nonliving things, such as wind,, or. 9. are organisms that get their energy from resources, meaning they make their own food. These organisms are also called. 10. are organisms that get their energy by other organisms. These organisms are also called. 11. Why are producers so important to an ecosystem?
4 Name Date Page 4- Day 2 KEY CONCEPT: Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description. carnivore herbivore secondary consumer decomposer detritivore omnivore primary consumer tertiary consumer trophic levels 12. I eat only plants. I am a(n). 13. I eat only other animals. I am a(n). 14. I eat both plants and animals. I am a(n). 15. I eat dead organic matter. I am a(n). 16. I break down organic matter into simpler compounds. I am a(n). 17. I am the first consumer above the producer level. I am a(n). 18. I am a carnivore that eats herbivores. I am a(n). 19. I am a carnivore that eats other carnivores. I am a(n). 20. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called. 21. How is a food web different from a food chain? 22. Label the four tiers of the energy pyramid with the correct trophic level (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers). Choose an ecosystem. Research what types of plants and animals live in your ecosystem. Fill in the energy pyramid with what might exist with that ecosystem. (if you do not have internet access you may complete your research in class).
5 Name Date Page 5- Day 3 Reinforcement Worksheet- Ecology 2 Key Concept: Every organism has a habitat and niche. 1. What is the difference between an organism s habitat and its niche? 2. For each type of symbiotic relationship, complete the chart with details about how each organism is impacted using the terms Benefits, Harmed, or No impact. For each situation, assume that Organism A initiates the relationship. Symbiotic Relationship Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Organism A Organism B 3. How is parasitism similar to and different from predation? MAIN IDEA: Changes in a population s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. Choose a word from the box below that best completes each sentence. births increases emigration deaths immigration abundant 4. When resources are in a particular area, individuals may move into the population of this area. This movement of individuals into a population from a different population is called. 5. A very cold winter has left many deer in a population hungry and sick. By the end of the winter, this population will likely decrease because of. 6. A deer population experiences growth when the rate of reproduction. This change in population size is due to. 7. As humans move into their territory, many members of a deer population move away and join other herds. This movement of individuals out of a population into a new population is called. 8. How does the availability of resources affect population growth?
6 Name Date Page 6- Day 3 The population of a predator can be limited by the available prey, and the population of prey can be limited by being caught for food. Use the information in the graph below to answer the questions that follow. 9) Describe the pattern seen in the graph above. 10) How does the wolf population affect the carrying capacity of the moose population? Each time an ecosystem is damaged, the process of succession re-forms the area. Succession is the sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damaged community or create a community in a previously uninhabited area. Succession is a process with no distinct beginning or end. In a community, succession is always occurring. After a volcano erupts, the molten lava hardens and leaves behind nothing but solid rock. Primary succession is a type of succession that begins with a previously uninhabited, barren landscape. Pioneer species are the first organisms that live in this type of habitat. Pioneer species begin the process of breaking down the rock into soil that can hold plants. This process may take hundreds of years, but eventually the soil produced by pioneer species will give rise to entire ecosystems of plants, animals, and other organisms. More often an environment had many different plants and animals, but a disaster such as a fire or flood may have destroyed much of the habitat. Secondary succession is the reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact. The dynamic processes of succession are always changing the face of an ecosystem. 11) Why are pioneer species so important for primary succession? 12) Explain why succession is a never-ending process.
7 Name Date Page 7- Day 4 Reinforcement Worksheet Cell Theory, Scientists, & Cell Types KEY CONCEPT Cells are the basic unit of life. The invention of the microscope in the late 1500s revealed to early scientists a whole new world of tiny cells. Most cells are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. The discoveries of scientists from the 1600s through the 1800s led to the cell theory, which is a unifying concept of biology. The cell theory has three major principles: All organisms are made of cells. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells can be divided into two major groups: prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. The main differences between the two kinds of cells are in their structure: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus defined by a membrane, while prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA, or genetic information, is found in the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found in the cytoplasm, the jellylike substance that fills both types of cells. Eukaryotic cells have organelles, structures that perform jobs for a cell. Most organelles are surrounded by membranes. Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles surrounded by membranes. Prokaryotic cells make up organisms called prokaryotes. All prokaryotes are tiny and consist of single cells. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells make up eukaryotes. You are a eukaryote, as are plants and some types of single-celled organisms. All multicellular organisms, or organisms that have many cells, are eukaryotes. 1. What is the smallest, most basic unit of life? 2. Where is the DNA in a prokaryote? in a eukaryote? 3. Why would you need a microscope to see a prokaryotic organism? 4. A friend tells you he read somewhere that rotting garbage can turn into maggots, which are fly larvae, and the maggots then can grow into adult flies. What part of the cell theory could you use to refute his claim?
8 Name Date Page 8- Day 4 MAIN IDEA: Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. In a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop the cell theory. Scientist 1. Hooke Contribution to Cell Theory 2. Leeuwenhoek 3. Schleiden 4. Schwann 5. Virchow What are the three parts of the cell theory? MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells. In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of eukaryotic cells. In the top right side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of prokaryotic cells. At the bottom of the Y shape below, write the characteristics that both kinds of cells have in common.
9 Name Date Page 9- Day 5 Reinforcement Worksheet- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. 1. What is function of cellular respiration? 2. Does glucose actually react with oxygen during cellular respiration? Explain MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. 3. In what two ways does cellular respiration seem to be the opposite of photosynthesis? 4. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of cellular respiration. Explain what the equation means. Identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the several arrows. 5. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means sweet. The suffix -lysis comes from a Greek word that means to loosen. How are the meanings of these word parts related to the meaning of glycolysis? 6. What does it mean to say that glycolysis is an anaerobic process?
10 Name Date Page 10- Day 5 KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glycolysis, to form NAD+. The molecules of NAD+ are recycled to glycolysis, which can continue to produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Energy from the NADH molecules is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis to pick up more electrons. This type of fermentation occurs in many types of cells, including human muscle cells. Alcoholic fermentation: Like lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter fermentation. Energy from NADH is used to break down pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis. Alcoholic fermentation is used by many types of yeast. Both types of fermentation are used in various commercial processes. Lactic acid fermentation is used to make yogurt. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make dough rise. 1. What is the function of fermentation? 2. When does fermentation take place in your muscle cells? 3. How is fermentation involved in the production of ATP? 4. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? different? 5. Name a commercial use of fermentation. 6. The term fermentation is based on a word that means to bubble. How is this meaning related to your understanding of the fermentation process?