Spatially Resolved Chandra HETG Spectroscopy of the NLR Ionization Cone in NGC 1068 Dan Evans (MIT Kavli Institute), Patrick Ogle (Caltech), Herman Marshall (MIT), Mike Nowak (MIT), Kim Weaver (GSFC), Stefano Bianchi (Roma Tre), Matteo Guainazzi (ESAC), Anna Lia Longinotti (MIT), Dan Dewey (MIT), Norbert Schulz (MIT), Mike Noble (MIT), John Houck (MIT), and Claude Canizares (MIT) The Chandra View of Radiative and Kinetic Energy Dissipation in AGN
Galaxy Color-Magnitude Diagram Red sequence Slow BH growth Green valley Outflows? Blue cloud Rapid BH growth and star formation e.g. Smolcic et al. (2006), Faber et al. (2006), Hickox et al. (2009)
Galaxy Color-Magnitude Diagram Q. Can the AGN actually deliver enough kinetic 50 Normal galaxies Radio AGNs 40 power to their environments to alter the 30 20 evolution of the host galaxy in a meaningful way? 10 0 50 Normal galaxies X-ray AGNs 20 An excellent place to search for the ionizing 10 0 effect of AGN is the kpc-scale 50 NLR. Normal galaxies IRAC AGNs X-ray selected (LX > 10 42 ergs s -1 ) AGN trace the Green Valley - good place to search for outflows Number of sources Number of sources Number of sources 40 30 40 30 20 10 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 A = 0.1 (u - r) + 0.08(M0.1 r + 20) Hickox et al. (2009)
Searching For Outflows 1. Multi- imaging of kpc-scale circumnuclear gas Bianchi, Evans, et al., in prep. [OIII] knots Radio ejecta - Spatial relationships between nucleus, jet, and warm [OIII] gas and Chandra 0.3-2 kev 3 = 1 kpc [OIII] arcs
Searching For Outflows 2. Chandra HETG spectroscopy - Collisional ionization (jet) vs. photoionization (AGN radiation) - Direct diagnostics of temperature and density r O VII i f 1s 2s 1 S 0 Two photon 1s 2p 1 P 1 21.6 A Resonance Intercombination 2 1 0 1s 2p 3 P 21.8 A Forbidden 22.1 A 1s 2s 3 S 1 1s 2 1 S 0 21.4 22 22.4
CIELO-AGN - Catalogue of Ionized Emission Line spectra in Obscured AGN XMM RGS spectra of 69 obscured Seyferts (Guainazzi & Bianchi 2007) Narrow RRCs in 36% Resonant scattering plays an important role (not just pure photoionization) AGN radiation dominates Dominated by point source We need spatially resolved, high resolution gratings spectroscopy of the entire NLR. Pure photoionization
The Prototypical Example - a 440-ks Chandra HETG GTO Observation of NGC 1068 (Evans et al., in prep.) Nearby: z = 0.003793, DL = 16.3 Mpc, 1 = 80 pc Compton-thick Seyfert 2 (NH > 10 25 cm -2 ) Black hole mass ~ 10 7 M (e.g., Ludato et al. 2002) Accreting at or near Eddington limit (e.g., Kishmoto et al. 1999) Prominent kpc-scale radio jet
The Prototypical Example - a 440-ks Chandra HETG GTO Observation of NGC 1068 (Evans et al., in prep.)
The Prototypical Example - a 440-ks Chandra HETG GTO Observation of NGC 1068 (Evans et al., in prep.)
The Prototypical Example - a 440-ks Chandra HETG GTO Observation of NGC 1068 (Evans et al., in prep.)
Counts s 1 Å 1 0 2 10 3 4 10 3 Counts s 1 Å 1 0 5 10 3 0.01 Counts s 1 Å 1 0 0.01 0.02 Fe K Mg XI r i f 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ne IX r i f 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 O VII f r i 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Wavelength (Å) N VII N VII NVII NVII RRC O VII N VII Fe XVII O VII O VII O VIII O VIII Fe XXII Fe XX O VIII RRC O VII RRC O VIII Ne IX Ne IX Ne X SI K Si XIII 3p 1s r f i Mg XI Mg XII Ne X Ne IX RRC Si XIV Si XIII Si K
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy: A Unique Experiment
Preliminary results: 500 km/s blueshifts detected along ionization cone. All consistent with photoionization, rather than mechanical (jet) collisional ionization. More to do: Determine mass outflow rate and power. Detailed photoionization models along cone.
Parallelizing XSTAR (warmabs, photemis, etc.) Serial Code by Mike Noble (MIT) Time to execute 4,200 XSTAR jobs Parallel CPU 4 Serial (Linux PC, 1 core) Parallel (Linux PC, 4 cores) Parallel (CXC Net, 25 machines) Parallel (HYDRA Beowulf) 7.5 days 2 days 6 hours < 2 hours http://space.mit.edu/cxc/software/slang/modules/pvm/
Roadmap towards understanding energy transport in AGN: NGC 1068 has a 10 7 M black hole, which is accreting at or near its Eddington limit: it is an ideal laboratory to examine the role of AGN outflows and feedback on black-hole growth. Multiwavelength imaging shows that the radio jet, [OIII] and X-ray emission are spatially related. Spatially resolved, high-resolution Chandra HETG spectra show that the NLR is entirely photoionized, with no indication of collisional ionization from the jet: i.e., the AGN radiation field dominates the energetics. Outflows are detected along the NLR ionization cone, with velocities > 500 km/s up to several kpc from the nucleus. Further work will include detailed photoionization modeling of the HETG spectra between -1 and +1 kpc, in 40 pc bins.