Structure and Function of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide Birds (pp. 480 485) This section tells about the characteristics of birds, how they care for their young, and about their special adaptations. Use Target Reading Skills Preview the figure titled Adaptations for Flight in your text. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in the graphic organizer below. As you read, answer your questions. Adaptations for Flight Q. A. Q. A. Characteristics of Birds (pp. 481 485) 1. List five characteristics of birds. a. b. c. d. e. 2. Circle the letter of each adaptation that enables birds to fly. a. feathers b. hollow bones c. scales d. large chest muscles 237
Structure and Function of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide Birds (continued) Match the bird feathers with their characteristics. Each kind of feather may be used more than once. Characteristics 3. Traps air to keep bird from losing heat 4. Balances and steers bird in flight 5. Found right next to a bird s skin 6. Gives shape to a bird s body Feathers a. contour feather b. down feather 7. Which feather below is a contour feather, and which is a down feather? a. b. 8. What are barbs? 9. What is the function of air sacs? 10. The right side of a bird s heart pumps blood to the. The left side of a bird s heart pumps blood to the. 11. What is the advantage of a four-chambered heart? 238
Structure and Function of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide 12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about birds. a. Birds have teeth. b. Each bird species has a bill shaped to help it get food quickly and efficiently. c. The crop stores food in the body after the bird swallows it. d. Chemicals break down food in the gizzard. 13. What is the function of a gizzard? 14. Why do birds need a lot of energy? 15. Cells must have enough to release the energy from food. 16. Circle the letter of a characteristic of bird eggs. a. soft shell b. leathery shell c. hard shell d. no shell 17. In most bird species, the female lays the eggs in a(n). 18. How do birds keep their eggs warm so that they will develop? 19. How long do parent birds care for their young? 239
Structure Plate Tectonics and Function Laboratory Investigation of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide Mammals (pp. 486 494) This section describes the characteristics of mammals and how they differ in their reproduction. Use Target Reading Skills When you compare and contrast, you examine the similarities and differences between things. Use the table below to compare and contrast how monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals reproduce and how their young develop. Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placental Mammals How They Reproduce How Their Young Develop Gestation Period Monotremes a. b. Marsupials c. d. e. Placental Mammals f. g. h. Characteristics of Mammals (pp. 487 489) 1. Circle the letter of each characteristic of mammals. a. endothermic vertebrate b. feathers c. three-chambered heart d. teeth 2. Is the following sentence true or false? The young of most mammals are born alive. 3. Every young mammal is fed with produced in its mother s body. Match the type of teeth with their function. Some functions may be used more than once. Teeth 4. canines 5. molars 6. incisors 7. premolars Function a. Bite off and cut parts of food b. Stab food and tear it c. Grind and shred food into tiny bits 241
Structure and Function of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide Mammals (continued) 8. Look at the teeth in the diagram above. Is this animal an herbivore or a carnivore? How do you know? 9. Mammals breathe in and out because of the combined action of rib muscles and a large muscle called the located at the bottom of the ribs. 10. Circle the letter of the number of chambers in a mammal s heart. a. two b. three c. four d. five 11. Is the following sentence true or false? Fur and hair are composed of dead cells. 12. How do fur and hair help mammals? 13. Generally, animals in cold regions have coats of fur than animals in warmer environments. 14. Most mammals have four that they use for moving. Match the type of mammal with its specialized way of moving. Mammal Way of Moving 15. bats a. Have flippers for swimming 16. dolphins 17. orangutans b. Have wings for flying c. Swing by their arms 18. What sense do bats use to capture insects? 242
Structure and Function of Vertebrates Reading/Notetaking Guide Diversity of Mammals (pp. 490 494) 19. The three main groups of mammals are,, and. 20. Is the following sentence true or false? Marsupials are mammals that lay eggs. 21. Circle the letter of each animal that is a placental mammal. a. kangaroo b. elephant c. duck-billed platypus d. chimpanzee 22. What is a gestation period? 23. What is the function of the placenta? 24. Why do young mammals usually stay with their mother or both parents for an extended period of time? 243
Changes Over Time Reading/Notetaking Guide Classifying Organisms (pp. 248 254) This section describes how biologists organize living things, what the levels of classification indicate about the relationship between organisms, and what characteristics are used to classify organisms. Use Target Reading Skills As you read, take notes on the main ideas and important details. Use the graphic organizer below to take notes. Questions Why do scientists classify living things? Notes Scientists classify living things because... Why Do Scientists Classify? (p. 249) 1. The process of grouping things based on their similarities is called. 2. Why do biologists use classification? 3. The scientific study of how living things are classified is called. 4. How are taxonomy and evolution related? 5. In addition to classifying organisms, systematics tries to. 126
Changes Over Time Reading/Notetaking Guide The Naming System of Linnaeus (pp. 250 251) 6. Is the following sentence true or false? Linnaeus placed organisms into groups based on their observable features. 7. In Linnaeus s naming system, called, each organism is given a two-part name. 8. A is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms. 9. Felis concolor is the scientific name for mountain lions. To which genus do mountain lions belong? What is the species? Genus: Species: 10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about binomial nomenclature. a. A complete scientific name is written in italics. b. Scientific names contain Latin words because Latin was the language that most scientists used during Linnaeus s time. c. The genus name begins with a lowercase letter. d. Binomial nomenclature makes it easy for scientists to talk about organisms. Levels of Classification (pp. 251 252) 11. List the eight levels of classification used by modern biologists, in order, from the broadest level to the most specific level. 12. Is the following sentence true or false? The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common. 127
Changes Over Time Reading/Notetaking Guide Classifying Organisms (continued) Domains and Kingdoms (pp. 253 254) 13. List the three domains of living things. 14. How are organisms placed in domains and kingdoms? 15. What are prokaryotes? 16. Is the following sentence true or false? Some bacteria are heterotrophs, and some are autotrophs. 17. Why are archaea classified in their own domain? 18. Where can archaea be found? 19. List the four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya. 20. A eukaryote is an organism with cells that contain. 21. Is the following sentence true or false? A protist is any eukaryote that can be classified as a plant, an animal, or a fungus. 128
Changes Over Time Reading/Notetaking Guide Branching Trees (pp. 255 257) This section explains how branching tree diagrams show evolutionary relationships. Use Target Reading Skills As you read, create an outline of the main ideas and important details. Consider the Key Concept and Key Terms. Use the graphic organizer below to create your outline. I. Shared Derived Characteristics A. B. C. D. II. A. B. C. Introduction (p. 255) 1. Groups of organisms with similar characteristics may be descended from a. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? The more similar two organisms are, the more distant their common ancestor probably is. 3. What does a branching tree diagram show? 130
Changes Over Time Reading/Notetaking Guide Shared Derived Characteristics (p. 256) 4. How are organisms grouped on a branching tree diagram? 5. A shared derived characteristic is usually a, such as a backbone, that is shared by. 6. On a branching tree diagram, all organisms above the label. 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Species within a group on a branching tree diagram are more closely related to one another than to species not in the group. 8. How does the order of characteristics on a branching tree diagram help demonstrate evolutionary history? Constructing a Branching Tree (p. 257) 9. Where does a branching tree diagram begin, and where does it end? 10. Is the following sentence true or false? A branching tree diagram always shows only living organisms. 131