Name: ANSWER KEY July 18, 2012 Biology 317 Summer 2012 1 st lecture exam 90 minutes (10 pages) 1) (20 pts) Below are descriptions of various plants occurring in Washington that are members of plant families you have learned. Match the letter of the family with the plant descriptions. Some of the families may be used more than once or not at all, but all plant descriptions should be matched to a single family. Q Aquatic, wind-pollinated herb with long linear leaves, parallel venation, and dense spike inflorescences with female flowers occurring below male flowers; fruits are single-seeded follicles. M Annual, weedy herb with round, hollow stems; inflorescences of spikelets made up of florets, each floret enclosed by a palea and lemma (two specialized bracts). J Aquatic herb, stem with conspicuous air canals and laticifers. Leaf blade floats on the water surface, 12 overlapping tepals and numerous laminar stamens in each flower. I Woody tree with large showy flowers of many white tepals, many laminar stamens, and many simple pistils, all borne on an elongate receptacle. D Weedy, annual herb with opposite, entire leaves from swollen nodes; actinomorphic flowers with 5 sepals, 5 white, bilobed petals, 10 stamens, 5 styles and capsular fruits. a) Araceae b) Bromeliaceae c) Cactaceae d) Caryophyllaceae e) Cyperaceae f) Iridaceae g) Juncaceae h) Liliaceae i) Magnoliaceae j) Nymphaeaceae k) Orchidaceae l) Papaveraceae m) Poaceae n) Polygonaceae o) Portulacaceae p) Ranunculaceae q) Typhaceae G Aquatic herb with round, solid stems; wind-pollinated, actinomorphic flowers with 6 brown tepals, 6 stamens, and capsular fruit from 3 fused carpels. C Succulent plant with flattened, photosynthetic stems bearing modified short shoots with spines and glochids. K Terrestrial herb with zygomorphic flowers made of 3 sepals and 3 petals, the lower petal enlarged into a labellum. A column and an inferior ovary also present. P A common lawn weed with alternate, compound leaves lacking stipules; flowers actinomorphic with 5 yellow petals, 5 sepals, many stamens, and many simple pistils. 1
L A perennial herb with highly dissected, alternate leaves; actinomorphic flowers with 2 deciduous sepals, 4 orange petals, many stamens, and a poricidal capsule with arillate seeds. M Perennial herb with 2-ranked leaves with parallel venation, open sheaths and ligules. Commonly planted in yards around Seattle and continues to grow due to intercalary meristems despite being mowed on a regular basis. E Aquatic herb with triangular stems, and 3-ranked leaves with parallel venation. Plant monoecious with male spikelets above and female spikelets below, each flower subtended by a bract. Fruit is an achene surrounded by a perigynium. F A terrestrial herb with mostly basal, equitant, parallel-veined leaves; actinomorphic flowers of 6 purple tepals, 3 stamens, and an inferior ovary of 3 fused carpels. a) Araceae b) Bromeliaceae c) Cactaceae d) Caryophyllaceae e) Cyperaceae f) Iridaceae g) Juncaceae h) Liliaceae i) Magnoliaceae j) Nymphaeaceae k) Orchidaceae l) Papaveraceae m) Poaceae n) Polygonaceae o) Portulacaceae p) Ranunculaceae q) Typhaceae O Annual herb with fleshy, simple, opposite leaves; actinomorphic flowers with 2 fleshy sepals, 5 white petals, 5 stamens, and capsular fruits from 3 fused carpels. N Perennial herb with simple, alternate leaves with ocrea; actinomorphic flowers with 6 tepals, 8 stamens, and a superior ovary of 3 fused carpels producing one, 3-angled achene. A Perennial herb that grows in wet areas and gives off a skunky odor; with small flowers borne on a spadix and surrounded by a yellow spathe. H Perennial herb from a bulb, with onion odor; actinomorphic flowers with 6 white tepals, 6 stamens, and a superior ovary from 3 fused carpels. N Perennial herb with simple, alternate leaves with pinnate venation; flowers actinomorphic with 6 white tepals, stamens 9, and superior ovary of 3 fused carpels developing into an achene. C Perennial plant with betalains; actinomorphic flowers with many tepals fused into a hypanthium, many stamens, and an inferior ovary sunken into the top of the stem. Fruit is a berry. B Terrestrial plant with persistent serrate margined, concave shaped leaves with parallel venation, expanded at base and holding water. Flowers 3-parted and arising from water filled depression in center of many red colored leaves. 2
2) Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. a) (12 pts) Label the parts of the flower above using the spaces provided below: A. peduncle B. receptacle C. sepal D. (hint: female gametophyte) ovule E. petal F. filament G. anther H. (hint: F + G) stamen I. ovary J. style K. stigma L. (hint: I + J + K) pistil b) (1 pt) Based on external morphology, how many carpels does the flower have? 4 3
3) (36 pts) Circle the best answer (only ONE) from the choices available. What type of root system is characteristic of monocots? a) fibrous roots b) adventitious roots c) taproots d) tubers e) radicles Who developed binomial nomenclature, the system by which species are named and classified? a) Charles Darwin b) Arthur Cronquist c) Charles Bessey d) Carolus Linnaeus e) Willi Hennig Which of the following lists angiosperm synapomorphies? a) true leaves, carpel, reduced female gametophyte, stomata b) endosperm, carpel, seeds, phloem c) bitegmic ovules, endosperm, carpel, sieve cells d) bitegmic ovules, carpel, pollen, stomata e) embryo, sieve cells, seeds, pollen What group is currently considered representative of ancestral angiosperms? a) Magnoliales b) Monocots c) A-N-I-T-A grade d) Eudicots e) Gymnosperms Which of the following major groups of land plants has free-living gametophytes and dependent sporophytes? a) Angiosperms b) Seed plants c) Conifers d) Ferns e) Mosses Which of the following major groups of land plants has both free-living gametophytes and freeliving sporophytes? a) Angiosperms b) Seed plants c) Conifers d) Ferns e) Mosses A dry, indehiscent fruit consisting of a single carpel with a wing is a/an a) nut b) samara c) achene d) berry e) follicle 4
After fertilization has occurred, the ovule becomes the a) fruit b) carpel c) gynoecium d) ovary e) seed An incomplete, perfect flower is one that: a) has calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium b) has calyx, corolla, and androecium c) has calyx and gynoecium d) is not yet opened e) has corolla, androecium, and gynoecium Which of the following correctly pairs a pollinator with the associated floral traits? a) Moths - pale flowers opening at night, nectar reward b) Carrion flies - flowers brightly colored with ultraviolet nectar guides and the scent of dead animals c) Hummingbirds flowers in catkins, 1:1 pollen/ovule ratio, reduced perianth d) Butterflies white flowers opening at night, amino-acid rich nectar e) Polar bears - flowers very large, flower color gray, corolla shaped like bear While hiking in the Cascades, you encounter a plant with red flowers and long tubular corollas containing large quantities of nectar. What is the most likely pollinator of these flowers? a) Butterflies b) Carrion flies c) Bees d) Hummingbirds e) Bats Many tropical orchids are epiphytic plants and have evolved specialized structures for drought resistance. Which of the following terms is not associated with this epiphytic adaptation: a) Pseudobulb b) Velamen c) Sunken stomata d) Waxy cuticle e) Column Plants or plant parts are important food source for our species, which of the following plant parts we consume is NOT a modified stem: a) Radish b) Potato c) Onion d) Ginger e) Asparagus 5
Which of the following correctly lists synapomorphies for the monocots? a) parallel venation, 1 cotyledon, tricolpate pollen b) parallel venation, 2 cotyledons, tricolpate pollen c) parallel venation, 1 cotyledon, peripheral vascular bundles d) parallel venation, 1 cotyledon, scattered vascular bundles e) peripheral vascular bundles, 1 cotyledon, tricolpate pollen The UW Herbarium is an international resource containing vascular plants, non-vascular plants, fungi, lichen, and algae. Which one of the following (a-d) is NOT true: a) the specimens in the herbarium are used for instructional programs b) the collections contribute to a wide variety of research projects c) the herbarium is open to the public d) the specimens are stored to ensure plenty of water and sunlight in a carefully monitored environment e) all of the above are true The UW Herbarium contains over 600,000 specimens of plants from the Pacific Northwest. Specimens are stored in cabinets made from what type of material? a) untreated wood (cedar) b) wood treated with insecticide c) steel d) polycarbonate e) none of the above are true The UW Botany Greenhouse contains a rich diversity of plants from around the world. How does the greenhouse staff prevent insect infestations? a) the greenhouse environment is carefully sealed from outside air and all visitors go through a quick quarantine room where they are checked for insects b) natural, non-toxic controls, for example: tobacco plants are grown in each room that attract white flies away from other plants c) each month the greenhouse shuts down for one day and every room is fogged with orthene d) fortunately, the UW greenhouse, like most greenhouses in the Pacific Northwest, doesn t have to worry about insects due to year around moderate temperatures/rainfall e) none of the above are true The number of plant species typically found in a geographic area increases as: a) latitude and altitude increase b) latitude increases and longitude decreases c) latitude decreases and altitude increases d) latitude and longitude increase e) latitude and altitude decrease 6
4) (6 pts) Monocots share many characteristics and comprise a monophyletic group, however, families in this group can differ by their pollination strategies. Complete the charts below by filling in three wind pollinated MONOCOT families and three animal pollinated MONOCOT families. For each family identify a different trait present in that family AND characteristic of its pollination syndrome. Wind pollinated Trait characteristic of syndrome (no repeats) a. Poaceae Highly reduced perianth b. Typhaceae Unisexual flowers packed together in spikes c. Cyperaceae High pollen to ovule ratio Animal pollinated Trait characteristic of syndrome (no repeats) d. Orchidaceae 1:1 pollen/ovule ratio e. Liliaceae Nectar reward f. Iridaceae Colorful, showy flowers 5) (6 pts) Give the type of placentation and number of locules for the following ovary types (drawings represent ovary cross-sections): Placentation: free-central axile parietal Locule number: 1 2 3 7
6) (6 pts) The angiosperm lifecycle is termed the alternation of generations: a) What is meant by alternation of generations? Give a brief explanation (include a diagram if it helps illustrate your explanation): (2 pts) during the life cycle plants alternate between a haploid generation (called the gametophyte) and a diploid generation (called a sporophyte). b) In your explanation above there should be two important changes to chromosome number, describe below the two types of CELL DIVISION involved. Be sure to include how they are DIFFERENT from one another and the names given to the plant cells they PRODUCE. mitosis: meiosis: cell division producing 2 daughter cells identical to original cell occurs in all phases of life cycle, but importantly, gametes are produced by gametophyte through mitosis (2 pts) cell division leading to reduction in ploidy level, diploid mother cell produces 4 haploid daughter cells occurs in sporophyte, produces spores (2 pts) 8
A B C D E F B A F E D C Alpha Beta Delta Epsilon Gamma Zeta Alpha Beta Gamma Zeta Epsilon Delta I. II. D F E C A B B A C D E F Epsilon Zeta Gamma Delta Beta Alpha Beta Alpha Delta Zeta Gamma Epsilon III. IV. 7) (7 pts) Tree thinking - the phylogenetic trees above depict the evolutionary relationships among imaginary taxa A-F. Use the trees to answer the following questions: Which tree (I, II, III, or IV) depicts phylogenetic relationships different from the others? a) tree I b) tree II c) tree III d) tree IV e) they all depict the same phylogenetic relationships Looking only at Tree I: What is the sister group to the A+B group? C+D+E+F A group formed of only taxa B+E would be called a polyphyletic group and any character used to group those taxa together would most likely be an example of convergence. A group including taxa C+D+E and including the common ancestors of those taxa would be called a paraphyletic group and any character used to group those taxa together would most likely be an example of symplesiomorphy. 9
8) The phylogeny below depicts relationships among several groups of plants. Green plants Land plants Tracheophytes (vascular plants) Green algae Bryophytes Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Ferns Lycophytes Gymnosperms Seed plants Angiosperms vessels, endosperm seeds, pollen stomata cuticle (6 pts) Draw a line or slash mark on the tree and LABEL it to indicate when in the evolutionary diversification of plants the following traits first arose: seeds, vessels, cuticle, stomata, pollen, endosperm Extra credit (1 pt) Your TA s first name is: Pat. You are lucky to have four peer TAs, give the first name of one: Erica/Jake/Marina/Tasha. 10