The Night Sky of October 2014 Dr. Wayne Wooten Professor of Astronomy For October 2014, the southeastern US will witness at least part of both a lunar and solar eclipse. The times given here are for Pensacola, Florida, and may vary for other observers and time zones. The Hunter s Full Moon happens on October 8, 2014, and gives us a nice total lunar eclipse, if you are willing to set your alarm clock! Clear skies permitting, we will set up telescopes outside the Pensacola State College Planetarium around 4 AM CDT to witness this event. The moon begins moving into our darker umbral shadow at 4:20 AM on Wednesday morning, and is completely inside our shadow and blood red by 5:30 AM. Greatest coverage is a 5:55 AM, and the moon begins leaving our shadow at 6:22 AM. The Moon sets at 6:53, still about half covered by our shadow. This photo of the almost totally eclipsed moon was taken at 9 PM on February 20, 2008 by EAAA member Jerome Klingaman; the moon will appear similarly eclipsed about 5:20 AM on the morning of October 8, 2014. Just two weeks later, the next new moon will yield a partial solar eclipse on Thursday, October 23 rd. The EAAA will set up telescopes outside the Pensacola State College Plaentarium about 5 PM, with first contact (the new moon touches the sun s upper eastern limb) at 5:07 PM CDT. We only get about a third of the sun covered at maximum eclipse at 6:01 PM, and the sun will appear much the same when it sets only eight minutes later. Still, the setting sun with the moon taking out a bite of a third of the disk will be a great photo op, especially if there are a lot of sunspots on the disk at the same time. Observing the sun without a safety filter, whether with naked eyes, binocs, or any scope, is dangerous! If you want advice on a safe solar filter for observing this event, and the much more dramatic total solar eclipse coming up on August 21, 2017 (82% coverage for Pensacola), go to our website, www.eaaa.net, and look at the Baader solar filters from our sponsoring webmaster, Draco Productions. If you have any questions or need advice, call me at Pensacola State at 850-484-1152 or e-mail me at physical sciences at wwooten@pensacolastate.edu. The moon is first quarter on October 1 st. The Full moon is eclipsed by our earth s shadow on the morning of October 8 th, as noted above. The last quarter moon is on October 15 th, and the waning crescent moon passes five degrees south of Jupiter on the morning of October 18 th. On October 19 th, in the SW sky Mars gets a close encounter with Comet Siding Spring; this will be strictly a telescopic event, however. Look to NASA images of the comet taken from Mars orbiters and landers then. On October 21 st, the peak for the Orionid meteor shower (bits of Comet Halley striking us) happens in morning hours, with the slender crescent moon interfering little. AS discussed above, the new moon on October 23 rd gives
us a partial solar eclipse in the hour before sunset. On October 25, the waxing crescent moon passes 1.4 degrees north of Saturn in western twilight. This is be your last shot at Saturn, disappearing into the sun s glare quickly. The Moon passes six degrees north of Mars on October 28 th. The Moon is first quarter, ideal for evening stargazes for a treat for neighborhood kids (candy also suggested), on Halloween evening, half lit and high in the southern sky. Mars and Saturn are both low in the SW evening sky in October, with Mars east of red Antares in Scorpius as the month begins, and moving into the teapot of Sagittarius by month s end. Saturn will be lost in the Sun s glare by month s end. Jupiter is in Cancer, in the morning sky, rising about 2:30 AM as October begins, and about midnight by Halloween, a little late for showing it to all but the adult trick or treaters. Venus and Mercury are both close to the sun in the dawn, and hard to observe this month. While the naked eye, dark adapted by several minutes away from any bright lights, is a wonderful instrument to stare up into deep space, far beyond our own Milky Way, binoculars are better for spotting specific deep sky objects. For a detailed map of northern hemisphere skies, about September 30th visit the www.skymaps.com website and download the map for October 2014; it will have a more extensive calendar, and list of best objects for the naked eyes, binoculars, and scopes on the back of the map. Also available as the next month begins is wonderful video exploring the October 2012 sky, available from the Hubble Space Telescope website at: http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/tonights_sky/. The Big Dipper falls lower each evening. By the end of October, it will be only the three stars in the handle of Dipper still visible in the northwestern twilight. By contrast, the Little Dipper, while much fainter, is always above our northern horizon here along the Gulf Coast. To the southwest, Antares and Scorpius also set soon after twilight, and will be gone by month s end. East of the Scorpion s tail is the teapot shape of Sagittarius, which marks the heart of our Milky Way galaxy. Looking like a cloud of steam coming out of the teapot s spout is the fine Lagoon Nebula, M-8, easily visible with the naked eye. This stellar nursery is ablaze with new stars and steamers of gas and dust blown about in their energetic births. In the same binocular field just north of the Lagoon is M-20, the Trifid Nebula. Many other clusters visible in binoculars as you sweep northward along the Milky Way, and are plotted on the sky map for the month.
The brightest star of the northern hemisphere, Vega dominates the sky overhead. To the northeast of Vega is Deneb, the brightest star of Cygnus the Swan. To the south is Altair, the brightest star of Aquila the Eagle, the third member of the three bright stars that make the Summer Triangle so obvious in the NE these clear autumn evenings. To the east of Altair lies tiny Delphinus, a rare case of a constellation that does look like its namesake. To the east, the square of Pegasus is a beacon of fall. South of it lies the only bright star of Fall, Fomalhaut. If the southern skies of Fall look sparse, it is because we are looking away from our Galaxy into the depths of intergalactic space. The constellation Cassiopeia makes a striking W, rising in the NE as the Big Dipper sets in the NW. Polaris lies about midway between them. She contains many nice star clusters for binocular users in her outer arm of our Milky Way, extending to the NE now. Her daughter, Andromeda, starts with the NE corner star of Pegasus Square, and goes NE with two more bright stars in a row. It is from the middle star, beta Andromeda, that we proceed about a quarter the way to the top star in the W of Cassiopeia, and look for a faint blur with the naked eye. M-31, the Andromeda Galaxy, is the most distant object visible with the naked eye, lying about 2.5 million light years distant. It is a bigger version of our own Galaxy, which it may collide with about three billion years from now. Below Andromeda is her hero, Perseus. In his hand is a star most appropriate for Halloween, Algol. This star winks at us for six out of every 70 hours, which Arabic astronomers centuries ago found spooky, hence naming it the ghoul. We know today it is an eclipsing binary system, with the larger, cooler orange star covering 80% of its smaller, hotter neighbor during the wink. At the foot of Perseus, the hero of Clash of the Titans is the fine Pleiades star cluster, the seven sisters that reveal hundreds of cluster members in large binoculars. This might be the best object in the sky for binocular users. Winter will be coming soon, and in the NE we see yellow Capella rising. It is the brightest star of Auriga the Charioteer, and pair of giant stars the same temperature as our sun, but at least 100X more luminous and about 10X larger than our sun. It lies about 43 light years distant. A little farther south, below the Pleiades, orange Aldebaran rises. It is the eye of Taurus the bull, with the V shaped Hyades star cluster around it making the head of the bull. This colorful giant star is only 2/3 as hot as our yellow sun, but 44X times larger and at 65 light years distant, one of the closest of these monster stars. The Escambia Amateur Astronomers host sidewalk Astronomy Day at the Pensacola Beach Gulfside Performance Pavilion on Friday, October 3 rd. This will be the final gaze on the beach this year, and starts at 6 PM with the first quarter moon high overhead. Then Pensacola State College hosts the popular astronomy
lecturer, Dr. Clay Sherrod, on the following evening, Saturday, October 4, 2014, at 7 PM in The Amos Auditorium of WSRE-TV at Pensacola State College; the presentation is One Million Earths, a look at life and exoplanets that is most current and interesting. The doors will open at 6:30 PM, with the talk at 7 PM, and the club hosting a public stargaze outside afterwards, clear skies permitting. Remember our two public eclipse watches this month, both outside the Pensacola State College Planetarium on Airport Boulevard, across from Taco Bell. On the morning of October 8 th, we will set up about 4 AM, and on the afternoon of October 23 rd, we will set up about 5 PM. Bring along your digital cameras and iphones to get great shots of both events through the college and club telescopes. We host our last public gaze of the 2014 season at Big Lagoon State Park on Saturday, October 18 th. As with our other public gazes, we set up at sunset, and clear skies permitting, will get gazing well past 10 PM. All our gazes are free, but regular admission to the state park is still required. For more on our events, join our group on Facebook with Escambia Amateur Astronomy Association (EAAA) and view our photos and event and club messages. You can also access our fine StarShooting Gallery, with about 800 of our best images, with Pensacola State s Flicker EAAA link at https://www.flickr.com/photos/pensacolastatecollege/sets/72157633971837340/ For more information on the Escambia Amateur Astronomers, visit our website, www.eaaa.net, or contact sponsor Wayne Wooten at Pensacola State College at (850) 484-1152, or wwooten@pensacolastate.edu
Illustration 1: 9:00pm on February 20, 2008, by EAAA member Jerome Klingaman