Anatomy and Physiology GRADE 12 Course Curriculum Prepared by Lou Pompilii ABINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT Abington, Pennsylvania 2010
Anatomy & Physiology A Course of Study Table of Contents Contents: Page: I. Objectives. 3 II. Content. 4 A. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 4 B. Cell Structure and Functions 4 C. Tissue Level of Organization 4 D. The Skeletal System 4-5 E. The Muscular System... 5 F. The Nervous System.. 5-6 G. The Cardiovascular System.. 6 H. The Lymphoid and Immunity System.. 6-7 I. The Respiratory System. 7 J. The Digestive System 7 K. Nutrition and Metabolism 8 III. Course Schedule and Pacing.. 9 IV. Methods. 10 V. Procedures for Evaluation.. 11 VI. Expected Levels of Achievement.. 11 VII. Resources.. 11
I. Objectives After successfully completing this course of study, the student will be able to: 1. 3.1.12 A- Apply concepts of systems, subsystems, feedback and control to solve complex technological problems. 2. 3.1.12B- Apply concepts of models as a method to predict and understand science and technology. 3. 3.1.12C- Assess and apply patterns in science and technology. 4. 3.1.12D- Analyze scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. 5. 3.1.12E- Evaluate change in nature, physical systems and manmade systems. 6. 3.2.12A- Evaluate the nature of scientific and technological knowledge. 7. 3..2.12B- Evaluate experimental information for appropriateness and adherence to relevant science processes. 8. 3.2.12C- Apply the elements of scientific inquiry to solve multistep problems. 9. 3.2.12D- Analyze and use the technological design process to solve problems. 10. 3.3.12A- Explain the relationship between structure and functions at all levels of organization. 11. 3.3.12B- Analyze the chemical and structural basis of living organisms. 12. 3.3.12C- Explain gene inheritance and expression at the molecular level.
II. Content A. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 1): 1. Describe the basic function of living organisms 2. Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each discipline. 3. Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms. 4. Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system. 5. Describe how negative and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. 6. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. 7. Identify major body cavities and their subdivisions. B. Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3): 1. List the main points of cell theory. 2. Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane. 3. Describe the process of cellular diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. 4. Describe carrier mediated transport and vesicular transport mechanisms. 5. Describe the organelles of a typical cell and indicate their specific function. 6. Summarize the process of protein synthesis. C. Tissue Level of Organization (Chapter 4): 1. Identify the body s four basic tissue types and describe their roles. 2. Describe the types and functions of epithelial cells. 3. Compare the structure and function of the various types of connective tissues. 4. Explain how epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four types of membranes, and specify the function of each. 5. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the distinctive structural features of each. 6. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue. D. The Skeletal System (Chapter 6): 1. Describe the primary functions of the skeletal system. 2. Classify bones according to shape, and compare the structures and functions of compact and spongy bone. 3. Compare the mechanism of intramembranous ossification and endochronal ossification. 4. Name the components and functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons. 5. Identify the bones of the skull, discuss the differences in structure and function of the various vertebrae, and describe the roles of the thoracic cage.
6. Identify the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs, and describe their various functions. 7. Contrast the major categories of joints, and link their structural features to joint functions. 8. Describe how the structural and functional properties of synovial joints permit the dynamic movements of the skeleton. 9. Explain the relationship between joint structures and mobility of representative axial and appendicular articulations. 10. Explain the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other body systems. E. The Muscular System (Chapter 7): 1. Specify the functions of skeletal muscle tissue. 2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. 4. Explain the key steps involved in contraction of skeletal muscle fiber beginning at the neuromuscular junction. 5. Compare the different types of muscular contractions. 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain the energy to power contractions. 7. Contrast the structures and functions of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. 8. Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function. 9. Identify the main axial muscles of the body together with their origins, insertions and actions. 10. Identify the main appendicular muscles of the body together with their origins, insertions and actions. 11. Describe the effects of aging on muscle tissue. 12. Discuss the functional relationships between the muscular system and other organ systems. F. The Nervous System (Chapter 8 and Chapter 9): 1. Describe the two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and list their general functions. 2. Distinguish between neurons and neuroglia on the basis of structure and function. 3. Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential. 4. Describe the structure of a synapse, and discuss the mechanism of nerve impulse transmission at a synapse. 5. Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous system. 6. Discuss the roles of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord. 7. Name the major regions of the brain, and describe the location and functions of each.
8. Name the cranial nerves, relate pair of cranial nerves to its principal functions, and relate the distribution pattern of spinal nerves to the regions they innervate. 10. Identify the principal sensory and motor pathways, and explain how it is possible to distinguish among sensations that originate in different areas of the body. 11. Describe the structures and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 12. Summarize the effects of aging on the nervous system. 13. Give examples of interactions between the nervous system and each of the other organ systems. 14. Explain how the organization of receptors for the general senses affects their sensitivity. G. The Cardiovascular System (Chapters 11, 12 and 13): 1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list he physical characteristics. 2. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells and describe the function and structure of hemoglobin. 3. Discuss the factors that determine a person s blood type, and explain why blood types are important. 4. Describe the anatomy of the heart- including its surface features; the structure of the pericardium, heart wall, and cardiac skeleton; and the hearts blood supply- and trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood vessels, chambers and heart valves. 5. Describe the conducting system of the heart, and identify the electrical events recorded in an electrocardiogram. 6. Explain the events of the cardiac cycle. 7. Define cardiac output, describe the factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume, and explain how adjustments in stroke volume and cardiac output are coordinated at different levels of physical activity. 8. Distinguish among the types of blood vessels based on their structure and function. 9. Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through blood vessels, and discuss the mechanisms that regulate movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces. 10. Identify the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit. 11. Identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circuit. 12. Give examples of interactions between the cardiovascular system and other organ systems. H. Lymphoid and Immune System (Chapter 14): 1. Distinguish between nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms. 2. Identify the major components of the lymphoid system, and explain the functions of each. 3. List the body s nonspecific defenses and explain how each function.
4. Define specific resistance, identify the forms and properties of immunity, and distinguish between cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity. 5. Discuss the different types of T cells and their roles in the immune response. 6. Discuss B cell sensitization, activation, and differentiation, describe the structure and function of antibodies, and explain the primary and secondary immune responses to antigen exposure. 7. List and explain examples of disruption of the normal immune response. 8. Give examples of interactions between the lymphoid system and other body systems. I. The Respiratory System (Chapter 15): 1. Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system. 2. Identify the structures that conduct air to the lungs, and describe their function. 3. Describe the functional anatomy of alveoli, and the superficial anatomy of the lungs. 4. Define and compare the processes of external respiration and internal respiration. 5. Describe the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lings and the actions of the respiratory muscles. 6. Describe the physical principles governing the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. 7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. 8. List the factors that influence the rate of respiration, and describe the reflexes that regulate respiration. 9. Give examples of interactions between the respiratory system and other systems. J. The Digestive System (Chapter 16): 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system, list their major functions, and describe the four layer of the wall of the digestive tract. 2. Describe the process of mastication and deglutition and the structures involved. 3. Describe the anatomy of the stomach, including its histological features, and discuss its roles in digestion and absorption. 4. Describe the anatomy of the small intestine, including its histological features, and explain the function and regulation of intestinal secretions. 5. Describe the functions of the pancreas, liver and gall bladder, and explain how their activities are regulated. 6. Describe the structure of the large intestine, including its regional specializations, and list its absorptive functions. 7. Give examples of interactions between the digestive system and each of the other organ systems.
K. Nutrition and Metabolism (Chapter 17): 1. Define metabolism, and explain why cells need to synthesize new organic molecules. 2. Describe the basic steps involved in glycolysis, The TCA cycle, and the electron transport system, and summarize the energy yields of glycolysis and cellular respiration. 3. Describe the pathways involved in lipid metabolism, and summarize mechanisms of lipid transport and distribution. 4. Discuss protein metabolism and the use of proteins as an energy source. 5. Discuss nucleic acid metabolism and the limited use of nucleic acids as an energy source. 6. Explain what constitutes a balanced diet, and why such a diet is important.
III. Course Schedule/ Pacing: The following schedule is tentative, and is dependent upon student pacing and any unforeseen acts of mother- nature. To this end there may be instances where part of the curriculum may need to be adjusted. TOPIC DESCRIPTION TIME INTERVAL Marking Periods Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 wk. MP 1 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 1 wk. MP 1 Chapter 4 The Tissue level of organization 1 wk. MP 1 Chapter 6 The Skeletal System 9 wks. MP 1 & 2 Chapter 7 The Muscular System 9 wks. MP 2 &3 Chapter 8/9 The Nervous System 3 wks. MP 3 Chapters 11/12/13 Cardiovascular System 2 wks. MP 3 Chapter 15- The Respiratory System 2 wks. MP 4 Chapter 14- Lymphoid and Immune System 2 wks. MP 4 Chapter 16- The Digestive System 2 wks. MP 4 Chapter 17- Nutrition and Metabolism 2 wks. MP 4 1. The course will meet five times per week.
IV. Methods: The Anatomy and Physiology course employs an eclectic array of instructional modalities. A. Learning from Discussion. The teacher will demonstrate the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology using the Active board, white board, demonstrations, anatomical models and videos. The teacher will cite technological advances that have shaped modern life, and aspects of modern life, that illustrate anatomical and physiological principles or are dependent upon anatomical and physiological principles. The teacher will cite women and minorities, including African Americans, who have made significant contributions to anatomy and physiology and will reference various women and minorities who have pursued careers in anatomy and physiology. B. Learning from Laboratory Investigation Laboratory experiences form an integral part of the anatomy and physiology course. Lab work will be used both to introduce new topics and to augment topics introduced via classroom discussion. Collaboration during data collection gives way to individual reflection during preparation of lab reports. C. Learning from Other Students Students will complete tasks in the classroom, in an environment that encourages peer-to-peer discussion as well as tutoring from the instructor. D. Learning from Note-Taking And Writing It will be necessary for students to keep careful notes in order to succeed in anatomy and physiology. Completion of lab reports will require individual writing on the part of each student. E. Learning from the Textbook and Handouts Handouts created by the teacher and gathered from other sources will be given to the class. These handouts and the textbook will be the primary references for students. Homework will include reading of the text and handouts. F. Learning from Test/Quiz Taking Chapter tests and numerous short quizzes will be given throughout the course. Lab Practicals will be the primary source of assessment for the Histology Unit, as well as Skeletal and Muscular systems. A midterm and final exam will also be included. G. Learning from Responsibility The student will be responsible for all material missed when absent from class. The teacher will help students who seek additional help.
V. Procedures For Evaluation Evaluation in anatomy and physiology is performed through tests, quizzes, laboratory practicals and reports, assignments completed in class, assessment of homework problems, and a final examination. Emphasis is placed on proficiency rather than mere completion of tasks. A minimum of 60 % is required to pass the course. VI. Expected Levels of Achievement Anatomy and Physiology is primarily a senior elective course for those students who are considering a profession in the healthcare industry, veterinary science, pre-med, physical therapy and lab technician, but is appropriate for all who are interested in learning about the human body. Because the course is an elective, and designed to reach a broad range of the student population, the levels of achievement will vary more considerably than would be expected with an honors or advanced placement courses. VII. Resources A. Textbook: Martini/Bartholomew, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (5 th edition) B. Textbook: Curtis and Barnes: Invitation to Biology (Fifth Edition) C. Textbook: Sarikas, Stephen N: Laboratory Investigation in Anatomy & Physiology (2 nd edition) D. Dissecting Manuals: Stephen G. Gilbert: Pictorial Anatomy of the Cat (Revised Edition) Field and Taylor: An Atlas of Cat Anatomy (Second Edition) E. Other: LMC Databases Internet Supplemental Department Laboratory Exercises